Why are the late Tang and the southern Tang very important periods in the history of literature?

The literature of the Tang Dynasty was divided into four periods: the early Tang, the prosperous Tang, the middle Tang, and the late Tang. Wang Bo lived in the early Tang Dynasty.

The literature of the late Tang Dynasty and the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty were both outstanding periods in the history of Chinese literature, but there were obvious differences in literary style and literary content between the two. The late Tang literature referred to the late Tang Dynasty from the middle of the 8th century to the middle of the 9th century. The literature of this period presented a deep, introverted, and implicit style. The literary content mainly involved politics, history, religion, and other aspects. At the same time, it also involved love, life philosophy, morality, and other issues. During this period, the language of literary works was concise, implicit, and focused on emotional expression and inner experience. They often used rhetoric techniques such as symbolism, metaphor, and antithesis. In contrast, the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty referred to the Tang Dynasty from the middle of the 7th century to the middle of the 8th century. The literature of this period presented a bold, unrestrained, and magnificent style. The content of the literature mainly involved politics, war, history, mythology, and other aspects. At the same time, it also involved love, life philosophy, morality, and other issues. In this period, the language of literary works was gorgeous, fluent, and focused on expressing the image, vivid, and specific details. Rhetoric techniques such as metaphor, exaggeration, and contrast were often used. Therefore, there were obvious differences between the literature of the late Tang Dynasty and the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty in terms of literary style and content. The literature of the late Tang Dynasty paid more attention to emotional expression and inner experience, emphasizing implicit and symbolic rhetoric techniques, while the literature of the prosperous Tang Dynasty paid more attention to image, vivid and concrete performance, emphasizing bold, unrestrained and contrast rhetoric techniques.

Li Zhong (918 - 960) was a famous poet in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. He was the great-grandson of the founding emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the uncle of the late emperor, Li Yu, and the eldest son of the poet, Li Dong. Li Zhong's poems were fresh, natural, sincere, and often described natural scenery and social life. He was known as one of the "Five Sons of the Southern Tang Dynasty." According to the "Complete Tang Poetry", Li Zhong's representative works include "Looking at Jiangnan" and "Recalling the Ancient Times at Night Moored by Niu Zhu". Among them,"Looking South of the Yangtze River" was known as Li Zhong's representative work and was known as the "Crown of the Southern Tang Dynasty." Li Zhong was also a cultural celebrity. He had been influenced by Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. His poems reflected the integration of these ideas. His poems were not only popular at that time, but also highly praised in later generations as "famous works through the ages".

There were many reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty, including political, economic, military, and cultural issues. The main reason was that the shortcomings and corruption of the political system had led to the corruption of the bureaucrats and the dissatisfaction of the people. In addition, the Tang Dynasty's territorial expansion and military strength also increased, but it also encountered external invasions and challenges. For example, the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou and other political powers of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period had been established on the territory of the Tang Dynasty, which brought huge losses to the Tang Dynasty. Although history books would mention the reasons for the demise of the Tang Dynasty, different textbooks and scholars might have different views on this issue. There might also be some other factors mentioned, such as the economic and cultural development of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, understanding the main reason for the demise of the Tang Dynasty may help us to have a more comprehensive understanding of the history of this dynasty and also help us better understand the changes and development of modern society.

There were many reasons why Xianzong could not revive Tang in the later period of Tang Dynasty. First of all, the political corruption and financial difficulties in the late Tang Dynasty had made it impossible for the country to maintain peace and stability on the surface. Secondly, the quality and equipment of the army in the late Tang Dynasty had fallen behind the enemy, which made the army unable to undertake important war missions. In addition, the social unrest in the late Tang Dynasty and the poor living conditions of the people also aggravated the country's economic decline. In conclusion, Xianzong could no longer rely on his own strength to revive the Tang Empire in the late Tang Dynasty. He needed external help and support. However, due to the unstable international situation and foreign policy at that time, it was difficult to obtain the support and assistance of other countries. Therefore, in the late Tang Dynasty, Xianzong could only adopt some compromise and improvement measures to maintain the stability and prosperity of the country.

The middle and late Tang Dynasty was a period of literary development in the Tang Dynasty. 1. Literature style: The literary works of the middle and late Tang Dynasty had various styles, but generally speaking, they showed the vigorous, bold, and impassioned characteristics of the Tang Dynasty literature. In terms of poetry, the poets of the late Tang Dynasty mostly showed concern for life and fate, deep thinking about nature and life, and concern and criticism of social reality. 2. Type of literary works: The types of literary works in the middle and late Tang Dynasty included poetry, prose, Ci, Fu, etc. In terms of poetry, the theme of the poems in the late Tang Dynasty covered love, friendship, politics, nature and other aspects. The poet's performance skills were more mature and the language was more beautiful. 3. Literature schools: There were many literary schools in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, including Bai Juyi, Du Fu, Liu Yuxi, Wang Zhihuan, and other famous poets. Their works formed different literary styles and schools, such as the landscape garden school, the new Yuefu, and the frontier fortress poets. 4. The influence of literary works: The literary works of the middle and late Tang Dynasty had a profound influence on the literature of later generations. For example, the poems of the Tang Dynasty, legendary novels, and the literature of the Song Dynasty were all influenced and inspired by the literary works of the middle and late Tang Dynasty. The middle and late Tang Dynasty was a period of literary development in the Tang Dynasty. Its literary works had various styles, rich types, and many schools, which had a far-reaching impact on later literature.

Tang literature was one of the most important periods in the history of Chinese literature, and its influence ran through many periods of Chinese history. During the Tang Dynasty, poetry, prose, novels, and other literary forms reached their peak, forming a unique Tang Dynasty literary style. In terms of poetry, a group of excellent poets appeared in the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Wang Wei, etc. Their works had a variety of styles and rich content, which had a profound impact on the poetry creation of later generations. In terms of prose, there were also many outstanding works in the Tang Dynasty, such as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, etc. Their works were famous for their profound thoughts and exquisite writing style, which also had an important impact on later prose creation. In terms of novels, there were also a number of important novels in the Tang Dynasty, such as "Chang 'an Twelve Hours" and "Song of Everlasting Sorrow". These works were not only numerous but also of high quality, which had an important impact on the creation of later novels. The prosperity and development of Chinese literature in the Tang Dynasty laid the foundation of Chinese literary history and had a profound impact on later generations of literature.

The history of foreign literature is of great academic significance because the study of foreign literature history is about the various literary schools, works and literary traditions in the history of western literature. It not only plays a vital role in understanding the development and evolution of western literature, but also helps us better understand the variety and richness of human civilization. By studying the history of foreign literature, we can have a deeper understanding of the ideas, values and cultural characteristics of foreign literature, which will help us better understand the differences and similarities between different cultures. At the same time, the history of foreign literature also provides us with precious resources and foundations to study the literature of other civilizations. The study of foreign literary history also helps us understand the development and trend of world literature, and provides a reference for us to better understand the world culture. Therefore, the history of foreign literature is of great academic significance and an indispensable part of literary research.

Late Tang literature was a literary phenomenon in the late Tang Dynasty, mainly referring to the middle of the 9th to 10th century. The literary works of this period showed the following characteristics: The prosperity of poetry: The creation of poetry in the late Tang Dynasty was very prosperous. Many famous poets and works appeared, such as Wang Zhihuan, Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, Du Fu, etc. Their poems were mostly about mountains, rivers, pastures, historical legends, and social reality, which showed profound thoughts and unique artistic styles. 2. The rise of prose: In the late Tang Dynasty, the creation of prose also gradually rose, and a group of excellent prose writers emerged, such as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, etc. Their prose works mostly focused on discussion, criticism, history, and politics, showing their profound thinking skills and superb writing skills. 3. The variety of literary schools: In the late Tang Dynasty, there were many different literary schools, such as the Little Li and Du School, the Modern Poetry School, the bold and unconstrained School, the graceful and restrained School, etc. These literary schools had some differences in writing style, subject matter and content, but they all showed strong personalities and characteristics. 4. Pay attention to the spirit of realism: The literature of the late Tang Dynasty paid more attention to the spirit of realism in the creation, showing concern and criticism of real life. Many literary works described the poverty, injustice, war and other realistic situations of the society at that time, revealing the dark side of human nature. 5. Rich and diverse use of language: The use of language in the literary works of the late Tang Dynasty was very rich and colorful. There were gorgeous, vigorous, and rhythmic Tang poems, and fresh, bright, and concise prose. At the same time, the literary works of this period also began to use a large number of spoken language and slang to show a unique language style.

The Tang Dynasty was one of the most prosperous periods in the history of Chinese poetry. The main reasons why poetry became the most important form of literature in the Tang Dynasty were as follows: During the Tang Dynasty, the economy was prosperous, the society was stable, and the people's living standards were improved. The cultural activities were rich and colorful. As an art form that expressed people's feelings and thoughts, poetry was widely recognized and accepted. 2. The unique artistic features of Tang poetry, such as rhythm, meter, rhetoric, etc., make poetry more powerful and infectious, and can better express the author's feelings and thoughts. The content of the Tang Dynasty poetry is rich and colorful, covering politics, economy, culture, society, history and many other aspects, which can meet the needs of different readers and attract more readers. The great achievements of the Tang Dynasty poetry produced many outstanding poets, poetry works, and poetry theories, leaving an important legacy for the development of poetry in later generations. Poetry was widely recognized and accepted in the Tang Dynasty and became the main form of literature. This art form was also passed down and developed into an important part of Chinese literature after the Tang Dynasty.