章節 2: And the way was opened
The way has been opened for research in the field of self-regulating automata. Technological advances will help to continue work such as the " Philidog " dog of the French engineer Henri Piraux in 1928, the American engineer Joseph Barnett in 1939 with the presentation of " Elektro " at the Universal Exhibition of New York . In England, the neurophysiologist William Gray Walter has imbibed the work of the Soviet Ivan Pavlov on conditional reflexes to develop his turtles " Elsie " and " Elmer ".These two animal robots were designed autonomously by integrating a behavioral part derived from the works of Russian. France, the physicist Albert Ducrocq (professor and science journalist) published in 1953 his book " The era of robots " followed by the book " Discovery of cybernetics " in 1955 . In parallel, he designed with " Job the Fox " a series of more and more sophisticated electronic foxes. The latest version had a small memory capacity to "learn" new moves.
At the same time, the English mathematician Alan Mathison Turing who worked from 1945 to 1947 at the National Physics Development at Teddington where he designed the first detailed computer project (Automatic Computing Engine - ACE) published in " Computing machinery and intelligence "in 1950 , the" Tuning Test "to evaluate the artificial intelligence of a machine, a robot . The test evaluates the behavior of a computer with respect to human behavior.
In the 1950s, the United States and Europe, the question " what computers can they think?" Will mobilize some researchers. In particular the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he created a group working on Artificial Intelligence (AI) with computer Marvin Lee Minsky and John McCarthy .
The American Carnegie Mellon University created the School of Computer Science with an IT department. Computer scientists Herbert Simon, Cliff Shaw and Allen Newell worked on the project to create a universal resolution program . The General Problem Solver (GPS) program was the formalized program in 1959.
In the 1960s, in the United States, the search for the development of " Expert System " with the ability to reason in relation to a specific environment mobilized several teams of researchers. In1965 , the " Dendral " system was created by molecular geneticist Joshua Lederberg , a 1958 Nobel laureate in medicine, and computer scientists Edward Albert Feigenbaum, Bruce Buchanan and Joshua Lederer at Stanford University.. This program identified the chemical constituents of a material from mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Subsequently this program has been perfected and it will become "Meta-Dentral". At theMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Artificial Intelligence researcher Terry Winograd created a computer program based on the common language, " SHRDLU " around1970 . This discovery will mobilize scientists in artificial intelligence but some ways will be abandoned at first.
Technological advances made it possible to resume work with the introduction of neural networks from the 1980s and the development of statistical methods initiated in 1763 by the theorem of the English mathematician Thomas Bayes in his essay " Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances ". American computer scientist Judea Peal published in 1982 his belief propagation algorithm. The development of computer programs based onBayesian networks has been applied in several areas such as health, maintenance, decision making, disaster forecasting, weather ..
Advances in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are related to technological advances in the field of microprocessors and semiconductors but also to the progress of information processing algorithms. The development of the autonomous vehicle is partly based on advances incomputer and communication networks .
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