Chương 1: Quantum Mechanics for a Layman (by Raja Muhammad Farooq Chohan)
A human always tends to do something new and tries to find out something other than normal. Due to this curiosity, Humans went on working and got information about even the basic entity of nature i.e. An Atom. Now the problem was to understand the atom. As Old Physics explained the phenomena of visible and large objects well, but old physics failed to explain the phenomena of atoms and its constituents. Now Quantum Mechanics was born in order to explain the atomic phenomena well.
In daily life, we can go for true results and gain them but at the Atomic and Subatomic level, we cannot achieve the perfect answer or we can only get the probability of something. Quantum is a Greek word which means the basic entity. Two Greek Scientists contributed to the foundation of Quantum Mechanics Erwin Schrodinger and Werner Heisenberg. We have to develop the ideology before starting to work on a subject. Similarly, the ideology of Quantum Mechanics is Quantum Field Theory or Plank's Quantum Theory.
Firstly, we need to understand Plank's Quantum Theory. As we know that everything is made up of atoms and atoms are made up of protons, electrons and neutrons. The study of subatomic particles or the change of state of subatomic particles due to different factors is called Quantum Mechanics. According to Plank, Energy in the universe is distributed in the form of packets called quanta. Energy is always found in discrete forms. For light, Energy packets were called Photons.
Secondly, suppose we are looking at a slowly moving car. We can determine all the exact properties related to the motion of the car at the same time. What about the subatomic particles (electrons) revolving around the nucleus? Can we similarly describe their exact momentum and exact position at the same time? According to classical/old physics, it is possible but Quantum Mechanics doesn't allow this description. Here comes the Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg which states that we cannot measure the exact momentum and exact position of a subatomic particle at a time. If we try to find the exact momentum of the particle then we will not be able to tell the exact position. Whenever we want to see an object, we throw a light packet on the object under experiment and then light reflects back from the object and falls into our eyes so that we become able to see it. But for large objects, they remain at their place after throwing light. In the case of Subatomic particles, whenever we throw the light packet on the subatomic particle, the particle interacts with the light packet and changes its position. So we only come to know the old position of the particle as it changed position due to the energy of bombarded Photon. So whenever we try to explain the position, momentum becomes uncertain and vice versa.
Thirdly, the Schrodinger wave equation is also a major and important contribution towards the foundation of quantum mechanics. The universe has been made up of the subatomic particles then why are subatomic particles uncertain and the universe or large objects are certain? Why does Classical physics only work for large objects even if these large objects are made up of those subatomic particles who do not follow the classical approach? According to Schrodinger, electrons can have two possibilities regarding its spin. It can have spin up or spin down. Schrodinger explained the Law of conservation of energy by his wave equation which was then used to get results for energy levels of electrons. Quantum Mechanics explained how the basic four forces of the universe work. The basic four forces of the universe are: Gravitation, Electromagnetism, Strong Force and Weak Force.
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