บท 135: Merry Christmas update! (April-June, 1929).
Andalusia, in the south of the country, represented many aspects of this new regime and the changes it brought.
-A hub of communist activity - and anarchist, too (the latter became enemies of the Iberian state, which is why they were suppressed).
-The landless peasants of Andalusia actively fought against the oligarchic elites of the region during the revolution.
Farmworkers rioting destroyed property, terrified landowners and worried any local moderate-conservative politician.
-The sierras of Andalusia was a site of much revolutionary activity.
In all this, with the emergence of the federal state, the local current of "Andalucismo" arose - the construction of a socialist Andalusia (more progressive, open to international influences and committed to social egalitarianism, maybe even pluralistic in some forms), within the socialist and federal state.
And here comes a curious change, the Communist-Andalucistas leaders not only supported the cause of the poor worker in the south, but also idealized the Arab past of the region (not openly in terms of Islamic religion, but in some forms of Arabic influence).
A fairly considerable break or change with the past.
A very curious Hispanic-Arab brotherhood also developed - more than 75,000 North Africans arrived in socialist Iberia in 1935-1937, as 'comrades and citizens' (specially in the South). According to the norms of the time, they were theoretically Atheists - but everything indicates that the majority maintained their faith.
The president of the Andalusian autonomy, and sometimes even the president of the Union, were accompanied by guards of Moorish origin.
And what to say about the support and training that Iberia gave to various North African rebels...
In Andalusia the opposition of the Andalucistas were the Flamenquistas, who were seen as more reactionary forces - mainly because of their Catholic (nationalist) sentiments, with quasi-religious fervor and militarism, they also defended a Spanish, Catholic and 'folkloric' identity ("charismatic gypsy dancers in ruffled, polka-dot dresses" were their usual imagery for example).
Andalusia was however dominated by the Andalucistas - who, at least in Andalusia's best years, ended shortages, unemployment, malnutrition and drastically reduced illiteracy and infant mortality.
Andalucía also became a cinema powerhouse in Iberia - representing the South a little more idealized than it really was, yes, but hey - they were good musicals (with Orientalist influences[1]) and blockbusters in the Andalusian cinema.
Andalucía also after the Third World War, became a tourist destination between ESU-citizens from the North who were eager for Sun and North Africans who wanted to visit the country of Iberia, in the first years of their own independence.
During these particular periods, Andalusia's Moorish past became a distinct feature rather than an intellectual idealization-marketable commodity.
Al-Andalus became a regional identity, reconciling ethnicity and class consciousness - in the opinion of the Andalucistas, the difference between the South and the rest of the country had been the centuries of marginalization, oppression and colonialism - which connected Andalusia with certain spheres different from those of the rest of Spain.
We must understand these changes as the reconciliations and new articulations produced in countries, which had adopted a completely new ideology and system...
Only by going to a companion from Iberia in the south of ESU, we can tell an Italian anecdote (at least in the line of some authors).
["There was no Italian nation or Italian people before 1861.
An infinitesimally small group of nationalists first imagined a national community of Italians and then created an Italian national state.
Italy was still such an abstraction to Sicilian peasants that when they heard "il Mille" (the 1000 supporters of Garibaldi, who invaded the island) crying "Viva Garibaldi; viva l'Italia!" they assumed "Talia" was Garibaldi's wife."]
In the late XIX-century/early XX century then the nation-building of the nationalist monarchy was taken by the young Communist goverment...
Even today, some scholars firmly maintain there is no such thing as 'an Italian.'
In short, nation-building is difficult, and can take many forms...
[1] Orientalist in this context, not as a tourist attraction or mistaken view of the Orient, but just a different view of history and material reality - in opinion of the Andalucistas.
***
[Armenia]
EdMarCarSe said:
[1] If one looks at the numbers, the only truly over-represented nationality throughout the entire Russian Empire (in terms of their total numbers) in almost all fields, are the Armenians and the only more or less close group that comes close to them, are the Georgians.
Click to expand...
Thanks to the incorporation of territories inhabited by Armenians into the Empire and the subsequent policies of Tsar Alexander III, and later Nicholas II - Armenia became more Armenian, is a technically correct phrase, to talk about the development of Armenia within the Russian Empire.
This was accompanied by a process of 'renationalisation', the Armenian diaspora from other countries even moving to Yerevan and Armenian territories within Russia in search of opportunities. We speak mainly of Armenians than of the Balkans, Western Europe and the Middle East - and to a lesser extent other parts of the world.
There were also smart Armenian businessmen who flourished in other regions of the Caucasus such as Georgia or Azerbaijan, albeit always having to compete with other local magnates.
More important we must say that in Russian Armenia, during the industrialization, renationalization and new policies of Alexander III and Nicholas II, a new generation of Armenians was produced.
This as a result of the agglomeration and melting of multitudes of Armenians in the cities - Armenians who spoke different dialects, and came with varied customs, foods, and experiences.
A revolution in Armenian culture then began - Armenian became one of the languages of administration, education, art and science.
During the literacy campaigns, Armenians from 16 to 50 learned the Armenian language and its intricacies.
And by the government of Nicholas II, in the 1920s, Armenian became a language of science, as it had not been since the Middle Ages, and new Armenian institutes of history, arts, and sciences proliferated.
***
[Losers]
EdMarCarSe said:
the influence of the losers of the civil war on a new radical thought (outside from the Russosphere, usually 'forbidden literature' and so on) and potentially legitimate foreign interference, who knew how to adequately articulate these radicals...
Click to expand...
The Americans and the Russians have a few things in common - among them, that within their countries at least not many tendencies developed around vindicating the losers of their civil wars.
But it does not mean that there were organizations of said losers, and that they had some influence on certain groups (more fringe than mainstream to be honest).
In the case of Russia, these groups that influenced the New Greens were outside of Russia and contributed to some extent to foreign groups.
In the early 1920s, for example, an émigré organization arose among the losers of the Russian civil war in the Prussian Republic of Germany - the Aufbau (Reconstruction) group, which collaborated with paramilitary-military organizations of the most militaristic factions of the Red-Black Front.
From 1928 to 1933, the Swedish leader Adolf Hitler collaborated with some organizations similar to Aufbau.
The extent of collaboration between the Imperial Federation and émigré losers before the Third World War is debatable.
Returning to the New Greens, the émigré ideologues in their banned literature (which inspired the New Greens), relied on far-right rhetoric to explain their crusade in apocalyptic terms.
Which mixed quite well with the messianic ideas that founded Gorgulov's New Greens.
The next World War, viewed as a future terrible nationalist-internationalist struggle, in their opinion would be a war in Christian terms in the minds of these people, a war between Christ (the 'True/Aryan Russians') and the Anti-Christ.
Anti-Semitism came along for free, which was what the New Greens and any pre-Civil War Russian ultranationalists could more or less agree on really.
In terms of the émigré ideologues and the New Greens, anti-Semitism was actually a economic, political, national, religious and moral necessity...
The threat of the former losers of the Russian Civil War or the New Greens didn't completely disappear at the end of WW3, as they were embraced by the enemy powers, as the KGB (correctly) expected in the New Cold War.
Tho it was mostly dealt with in national borders of the Russosphere, and it was dealt in the exterior in some forms (KGB assassinations abroad, some better known than others)...
***
[Friendship in films]
EdMarCarSe said:
President McAdoo worsened relations with virtually all the great powers: the Russian Empire, the Imperial Federation, and the European Socialist Union.
Opposition to racism and colonialism before World War III created a united front between portions of the people of Africa, Asia and Latin America with the European Socialist Union and the Russian Empire, in new, even if more ambivalent, ways.
Even people who later broke with the Communists or the Russians (or both), accepted that the socio-economic models proposed by both were more acceptable than colonialism, imperialism and the Social Aristocracy - regarding the resolution of the national and racial problems of the time.
Even if diplomatic relations with the United States were on the wane during the period of the McAdoo administration and after, the international standing of the Third Rome (Moscow, Russia) remained quite high among many Americans.
From some capitalist industrialists like Walt Disney (who by the late 20s and early 30s had not yet released his first animated film - in said first animated film he worked with Russian director Sergei Eisenstein), to Afro-Americans and artists of all kinds.
For example, the black activist and writer Langston Hughes visited Russia in 1932 to participate in the film "Black and White," which portrayed the condition of the African-American worker in the American South.
And the equally celebrated singer, actor and activist Paul Robeson, who in similar times arrived in Moscow, fascinated by the "non-racist" state.
Robeson in Moscow accepted the invitation of the aforementioned Sergei Eisenstein, to work in a major role in one of his most ambitious projects for that date and also one of the most notorious 'Haiti' - which portrayed the Haitian revolt of 1791.
Before the Great Cold War, even in a period of low and tense relations - there was a curious Russian-American rapprochement, which survives mainly in the legacy of it in the world of cinema.
Afghanistan on Fire"]
The radical movement in India was growing, and the Russians understood this up to a point at least - although the Indian Subcontinent was not his priority until World War III, due to the difficulties posed by the British 'crown jewel'.
There was a small but growing and relatively active Indian (Subcontinental) community in the Russian Empire. The Russians also had their geo-political interests in Tibet (whose elite sided with the British) and Afghanistan (directly occupied by the British) near South Asia.
This led to another Great Game, as the people of the time understood it - which arguably was not undone or arguably culminated (reaching its zenith) until World War III.
Then there was an increasingly post-colonial world, and with new realities, keeping certain similarities and having to deal with the consequences of the old world.
"I believe that soon in my country, India, there will be a sunrise" (independence) - Elephant in Kiev, Russia (1930).
During this Great Game, certain episodes occurred - such as the one that began on April 15, 1929, where a detachment of Russian-Afghan 'volunteers' participated in the war in Afghanistan at that time.
Ukrainian 'Cossack' Vitaliy Markovich Primakov - reportedly going by the name of Raghib Bey - commanded a 'detachment' of two thousand men (of Afghan and Russian origin), all dressed in Afghan uniforms, and carrying sabers and machine guns.
The detachment attacked a border post, and soon seized Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh, Tashkurgan/Tashqurghan (Kholm in modern times) and smaller settlements.
It is not exact to call all of this detachment 'illegitimate' actually - as some were legit voluntaries, the former Afghan diplomat G. Sidiq Khan and general G. Nabi Khan (whose subordinate G. Haidar was the chief of staff of the detachment under Primakov) for example had turned precisely to the Russian Empire some time before, with the request to form such a detachment in Russian territory to provide assistance to a 'legitimate government' in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan-Balkh.png
Balkh, principal zone of activity of the Primakov/Raghib Bey detachment.
The Russians were probably motivated to this mild intervention in northern Afghanistan out of fear that Afghanistan would be used as a hotbed for anti-Russian elements or serve as a spearhead against Russian Turkestan.
Afghanistan was theoretically under British occupation, but this occupation was sustained mainly from the main centers of power (such as Kabul) and the south of the country - so the Russo-Afghan detachment was able to take over the settlements in Balkh with relative impunity.
But obviously after the initial success, questions such as: What would be the real objective of the operation in the long term?
Some members of the detachment proposed, for example, that the mission should be to re-establish or put a Russian-friendly King/Emir in power, expelling British influence of Afghanistan.
Some of the more chauvinistic officers of the time sought the annexation of northern Afghanistan to the Russian Empire...
From Moscow there was much more caution, a certain deniability had to be saved in case the detachment failed in the long term - for now, in April-June, the Russo-Afghan 'voluntary' operation had managed to hold the occupied settlements.
This is just one of the hottest episodes before World War 3, when it comes to international politics...
Primakov wrote a book about his adventurism in Afghanistan ("Afghanistan on Fire", it still receives some good marks from some Afghan academics) and about some other adventures as a military officer of the Russian Empire in other countries like Japan or Northern China.
*Officially at least, the motive given in later documents to the Russo-Afghan detachment was 'elimination of banditry in South Turkestan'.
***
[Nicholas II childs]
Tsar Nicholas II was growing older, and his children were already in their own political enterprises: Maria as Queen of Romania, Cyril in the capital of Moscow, and Sergei (Seryozha) in Siberia.
For obvious reasons, Sergei Nikolayevich's career was going much slower than his older siblings-Maria was already queen of a country and Cyril had no problem using his position as Grand Duke with industrialists, politicians, etc.
Sergei was theoretically going the long, more meritocratic route, of a partisan career in the eastern parts of the Empire...
But Sergei's route kept going to new heights, which is what's important at the end of the day - and it wasn't necessarily 'failing to the top', which is even better.
From April 16 to 23, 1929, like other middle officers of the RSDLP - Sergei Nikolayevich was called to Moscow for important inter-party elections, very important at that time as the 1930 elections were approaching.
In summary, in Moscow in 1929 it was decided the primacy of a certain wing of the Party over another and who would be the candidates for the next national elections in the Russian Empire.
Sergei as a Party member obviously had his own interests in said elections - his mentor Sergei Kirov was part of the Stalinist wing of the RSDLP, and the defeat of that wing would spell trouble for the young Seryozha's career.
That is why Sergei, taking advantage of his position as Grand Duke, mobilized new allies within the middle officers of the RSDLP in favor of the Stalinist wing - in opposition then to the Bukharinists.
In the end the Stalinists won as a result of the general support of the middle Party officials, in whose mobilization Sergei (Seryozha) played a certain role - they could have won without him, but it is better not to snub or underestimate a Grand Duke, especially a hard-working one like it was Sergei Nikolayevich.
It was already clear that Sergei Kirov, a friend and fellow-disciple of I.V. Stalin, was chosen as the next candidate for Premier by the RSDLP. And Andrei Zhdanov was chosen as a candidate for Deputy Premier.
Grand Duke Sergei (Seryozha) Nikolayevich did not leave empty-handed either, in the early 1930s he would become Governor of an administrative division of the Empire—arguably, without the need for nepotism on his father's part.
Saying "there are no conspiracies against the regime other than imaginary ones" is a wrong conclusion, in most countries of the world - although how many of these conspiracies actually come to fruition is another matter.
This was also true during the first Stalinism from 1929 to 1934, the Swiss diplomat in Russia, Jules Humbert-Droz (who holed anti-Stalin views until his last days), remembers from his experiences during those years that Bukharin commented to him that he [Bukharin] and allies "had decided to use individual terror to get rid of Stalin."
It's not conclusive evidence against Bukharin and allies, but still we can make a serious case for other conspiracies at the time - such as ultra-right terrorists.
Assassinating Stalin was not beyond contemplation in the Duma, at least from the point of view of some historians.
The opposition knew there was a window of opportunity to remove key Stalinist politicans or Stalin himself, that was rapidly closing as the wing consolidated long-term power in the RSDLP and the Duma - violence was never off the table. Of course it was the same for Stalin and allies, and Stalin was always more brutal and politically adept than his opposition.
From Russia with love, as some says...
***
[Opposition in various forms]
After Trotsky's retirement, his position was taken, at least in the late-1920s to early 1930s, by Georgy Pyatakov (chosen in Party quick elections in May 31 of 1929 and later confirmed in the 1930 elections) - if Stalin and his followers supported anything, it was almost a safe bet every time that Pyatakov was opposed to it...
Pyatakov was relatively well liked by the Old (Left) SRs in the International Worker's Party for certain concessions he made to that wing of the party - although Pyatakov soon solidly established the existence of the 'Trotskyist' wing and this character of the party anyway...
Pyatakov was active in the 'left opposition' to the RSDLP and the Trudoviks.
In China, despite his 'retirement' from civilization, Lev Trotsky continued to develop the principles of his ideas.
What we know today as Trotskyism, later taken up by other groups (mainly circles of intellectuals or marginal groups - with its application in arguably only one country in the history of the world).
In Trotsky's opinion, compulsion and elite authority would always be required in the economic spheres of humanity, because 'human nature' made relationships of domination and subordination inevitable.
Man is then a naturally lazy animal, and only the discipline and obligation imposed from above (by some kind of Executive, from Trotskyist theory), would increase productivity.
Therefore the Trotskyists have argued for a powerful executive branch within the enterprise, to organize the labour. And at the state level, a powerful Executive would be needed to 'militarize' human labour, and distribute it according to plan.
By implying that human nature is immutable, the Trotskys and later the Trotskyists seem in turn to deny that popular participation in administration is even possible.
In short, they proposed that a regime (of a Trotskyist character) should use 'military methods' in its dealings with the working class.
Trotsky's opponents in Russia, mainly the Stalinist wing of politics, took a more populist revivalist tone. An approach that theoretically suggests more 'persuasion', than discipline and 'force' in the matters of popular mobilization ("if workers are not involved and enthused, victory on the economic front can't be achieved") - although of course, this is debatable according to some fields, what one can hear for example from the scientific sectors in Russia such as rocketry or the military sector from pre-WW3 to the 50s and 60s was more than simple 'persuasion'.
So one should really argue that it depends on circumstances, when harsh methods and democratic mobilization are needed (so did happen during the First Stalinism in Russia).
One could argue is in this different principles, or maybe even in the difference of pragmatism-intelligence, what helped decide the different results.
The Chinese Trotskyists years later were very supportive of the mobilization of 'specialists', and led to considerable élite revivalism in various spheres of the Republic of China. "Bureaucratic degeneration" or "Pure Management" as some would name later...
*As a curious fact, at least in certain biographies - it is argued that London and allies during World War III, considered at least in the initial phases of the war (1937-1939) creating a Russian puppet government led by Trotsky.
This in opposition to some similar governments established in the European Socialist Union or the Russian Empire during the war.
It is also interesting to see what plans London had with the enemy leaders in World War III:
*Hang/shoot the President of the United States and most of the leaders of the European Socialist Union.
*Putting the Russian imperial family (Nicholas II or some child) as head of some Russian state as puppet/s...[1]
*Spare Stalin and send him into exile to some spa (those were the words...a bit strange but it has its explanation).[1]
[1] At least in Russia, the Russian leadership made clear its intention to shoot enemy leaders.
[International]
April 1, the United States Federal Reserve Board suggests that the market prices of the securities of certain companies were artificially high.
Comments criticized by some American magnates such as William C. Durant: "It is my belief that the attitude of the Board, the method of handling and the thoughtless character of the publicity are most harmful to our business interests and threatening the prosperity of the country."
Currently, inflated or false numbers have been a considerable problem in the reality of the American economy, especially after the mid-20th century.
The Americans in their economic doctrine have given a lot of importance to the speculative sector of the economy, but they think that an investment in financial speculation is the same as in other industries (when there are really differences with manufacturing or raw resources) - which is opposed by some economists inside the country and a lot of economists outside it.
April 4, twenty people died and 59 resulted injured in a train derailment near Buzău (formerly Buzeu or Buzĕu), Romania.
April 5, the Imperial Federation sends a note of protest to the United States over the sinking of the rum-running ship I'm Alone, saying the U.S. Coast Guard violated international law.
April 7, the Free Republic of Germany defeats the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy in a football match that ended 3-0.
The Italians accused the Germans of singing the wrong Italian song and playing unfairly - some local northern Italian newspapers (the game was played between southern Germany and northern Italy) called for reducing economic cooperation between West Germany and Italy.
...People take football very seriously.
It would have been very ironic if football broke up the European Socialist Union at some point - we've only had football break up one Central American country, so far.
April 8, Indian revolutionaries Batukeshwar Dutt and Bhagat Singh threw some bombs from the gallery of the Central Legislative Assembly in New Delhi to government benches (resulting in some injured, but not dead).
Both revolutionaries escaped from the authorities of the Imperial Federation, continuing the fight against the colonial government of the time - they became quite famous among the Indian revolutionaries of the moment, although the act would not have served much in itself.
Dutt was not very successful in post-colonial rule, unlike Singh.
April 10, more than fifty people were killed by tornadoes that swept through northern Arkansas, USA.
April 12, the Arches National Park of Utah is named a National Monument in the USA.
April 15, Scottish author J. M. Barrie donated the copyright fee of his works of Peter Pan to the Great Ormond Street Hospital (London, England) in perpetuity.
After the Third World War (J. M. Barrie died in 1937, the year the war began by the way) the Great Ormond Street Hospital having such rights was disputed, due to the new laws of the country.
The English authorities only gave the right to the hospital to collect royalties for public performances and commercial publication of the work within the country around the 80s (say, more than 50 years later).
April 16, occultist Aleister Crowley in UK (Imperial Federation) fakes his death - moves to Berlin, Prussian Republic of Germany.
April 18, 100 masked men and members of the National Textile Workers Union fight near union headquarters, sparked by NTWU support of the Loray Mill Strike in Gastonia, North Carolina.
April 22, President McAdoo of the United States declares that "respect for law as law is fading from the sensibilities of our people" - indicating that crime is one of the most serious problems in the United States at the time, were "life and property are relatively more unsafe than in any other civilized country in the world."
Which by later events seems a correct analysis, although McAdoo's position in 1929 was surely a different approach... - after Ford's presidency, the President's position in government remained the same, and the Democratic government did not budge to repair this.
In a certain sense, being very responsible for the legitimacy crises in the American government years later.
April 22, the Japanese steamship Tokyo Kuni Maru sank after striking rocks off Cape Erimo (southern Hokkaido).
Two other Japanese teamers arrived in time to rescue 97 people, but over 100 others were believed drowned (records from Japan at the time are pretty sketchy, so it's hard to actually say how many people died).
April 24, the Imperial Federation and the United States of America agreed to arbitration in the issue of the I'm Alone sinking.
The case was never resolved due to the Crash of '33 and the subsequent World War III, because the USA was not going to pay anything to the crew of a loser country.
May 1, 7.2 magnitude earthquake in Persia and Turkmenistan (Russia) results in the death of at least 3,250 people.
May 3, release of The Coconauts, first feature-length movie of the Marx brothers (Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo).
May 5th, fifty Berlin policemen are arrested for mutiny and other 'treacherous' acts after activities on May 1st.
May 7, Al Capone hosted a party to ostensibly honor gang members John Scalise, Albert Anselmi and Joseph Giunta - Scalise and Anselmi were arrested in February on suspicion of carrying out the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. They were released for lack of evidence.
Capone accused them of traitors during the festivities, and allegedly personally beat them with a club, and then shot them dead. The bodies were discovered the next day.
May 9, a total eclipse of the Sun tooks place in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific.
May 11, students of Des Moines University (Iowa, USA) rioted when the Baptist institution fired its president and most of the faculty over accusations of modernism (regarding the issue of evolution).
May 13-16, the "National Crime Syndicate" was formed in Atlantic City (New Jersey) by gangsters of eight U.S. states (including among them Lucky Luciano, Al Capone, Johnny Torrio and Bugsy Siegel).
May 15, a fire at the Cleveland Clinic caused the death of 123 people - nitrocellulose x-ray film ignited in the basement of the hospital, so most of the victims died from the inhalation of nitric acid fumes generated by the burning of the film stock in the clinic.
May 20, the 1929 International Exposition opened in Barcelona (Catalonia), Iberia - European Socialist Union.
May 23, Mickey Mouse was heard speaking on screen for the first time (in the cartoon short The Karnival Kid).
May 24, in the United Kingdom (Imperial Federation), the United Free Church of Scotland merged with the Church of Scotland.
May 27, in Hungary, the feminist and pacifist Rosika Schwimmer co-founds with some other international feminists the Campaign for World Government, the first "world federalist" organization of the 20th century.
The Campaign's mission since then is to promote a federal world government directly representing the interests of the world's people, as opposed to the interests of states.
Obviously such a campaign has not been successful - after the creation of the United Nations, the Campaign began to focus on national consciousness-raising and international conferences of other like-minded groups as they recognized the increasing unlikelyhood of national governments voluntarily forming a world government (so these World Federalists, at least on behalf of the Campaign, emphasized "the peaceful popular demand for the election of such a body").
June 1, in a elaborate state ceremony, the remains of Sun Yat-sen (founding father of the Republic of China) are relocated and buried in the newly constructed Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, capital of the Republic of China.
June 6, the surrealist short film Un Chien Andalou (Un Perro Andaluz/An Andalusian Dog) by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí premiered in Iberia.
The film was a great failure, considering that the Surrealists were not highly respected in the European Socialist Union - Dalí could afford it out of respect for his father among the courts of Catalan autonomy during those years, but it did not mean that he was free from scrutiny...
The film was more renowned when it arrived abroad years, if not decades later - although it was more renowned for its style and relationship with surrealism, than for any quality of the film.
June 13, James H. Snook, professor of veterinary medicine in the Ohio State University, killed a student with whom he had been having an affair for the past three years - the sensational murder trial that followed would become the subject of national media attention in the United States of America.
June 16, Johnny Salo, Finnish-born police officer from Passaic (New Jersey) wins the second Trans-American Footrace (which began on March 31) from New York City to Los Angeles )3.635 miles) by just 2 minutes and 47 seconds, claiming a $25,000 prize.
June 20, a brawl broke out in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies during a debate over the recent dismissal of government employees.
Deputies hurled inkwells and other objects, and two agreed to a pistol duel the next day - pistol duels was a thing in some Latin American countries years after it wasn't that popular in US or Europe anymore.
June 22, Puerto Rican marine (Puerto Rico then lead by the first-second generations of Carlist exiles) Francisco Franco Bahamonde and other partners disappear during a storm in the Caribbean.
June 24, Tens of thousands of Londoners lined the streets for the funeral procession of Salvation Army General Bramwell Booth.
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