บท 16: A specter is hunting Russia, the specter of democracy (July-September, 1905).
Russian political spectrum]
With a huge number of people comes a wide range of political, left, moderate and rightist opinions of various kinds, based on ethnic, political, socio-economic and other characteristics.
But this can also generate polarization and other problems, although it is not the central point of this part. The point is how there were more regional parties (located in specific regions or even cities) and more general parties, which are the ones that managed to begin to gain national popularity and therefore representation in the new government of Russia.
That is why we speak of certain parties from the Russian (national) political spectrum but not small entities such as the Kazan People's Tsarist Party, Astrakhan Monarchy Party, Ufa People's Tsarist Russian Society, the Economic Progressive Party, etc.
The definitions of left and right have been modified over the years of global history, some do it according to cultural traditions and others according to the position towards capitalism.
In the Russian Empire the differences were more about the tendencies of Russian society, whether to have a conservative society or an increasingly progressive one.
With middle paths, because not everyone fit this.
It was difficult to talk about the monarch, Tsar Alexander III was simply very popular with conservatives and the common people, you could talk about further limiting the power of the monarchy but not withdrawing it.
Besides that obviously the request to limit the monarchy already had several problems.
As Russia only got a young democracy, there were also parties, groups or movements that disappeared after a year or a few years, because they joined with others or separated, or simply dismantled themselves (or were dismantled by the authorities).
Right:
"Black Hundreds", the Black Hundreds were the collective name given to groups of far-right organizations in the Russian Empire during its recent political reform.
The movement was never united under a single organization, but there were notable groups such as the Russian Monarchical Party or Russian Monarchical Union, "Russkoe Sobranie" (Russian Assembly), the Union of the Russian People (Союз русского народа, Soyuz russkogo naroda, SRN) led by Alexander Ivanovich Dubrovin and other groups.
They defined themselves as "patriots" and "monarchists", advocating the nationalism of the great Russians, the principles of Tsar Nicholas I (Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationalism), rejecting reforms of a reformist-democratic character, rejecting autonomy, Russia one and indivisible , etc.
As mentioned, they were rather a group collectively named in the same way and not a single group, so some disappeared and others were renewed in a different way.
This was a serious problem, because the Black Hundreds took various forms, people calling for Russification, more power from the autocracy, Russian nationalism, militant pan-Slavs, etc.
And in a sense the Alexandrian government made these movements very popular.
That is why there was no explicit conservative party, but many right-wing-conservative parties, generally Orthodox and Russian-ethnic, that supported a number of right-wing policies and particular candidates.
There were also the "Greens" which was the collective name given to the right-wing populists, as opposed to the Trudovisk (left-wing populists). The Greens appealed to the conservative and orthodox peasant masses, although their extremism varied by degree.
Some just wanted more land reforms, and others wanted the total expulsion of Jews from the state apparatus, Russification of minorities, and the establishment of a "green" dictatorship.
One of the most famous greens was Pavel Timofeyevich Gorgulov, who like the greens was only popular in the early days of Russian democracy, before they simply lost steam.
Center:
Constitutional Democratic Party (Russian: Конституционно-демократическая партия, Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya, K-D). Political party formed through the meeting of several Zemstvo politicians who jumped into national politics.
The KD or Kadets was a party and movement against traditional classism (nobility, conservatives and bourgeoisie), in favor of the expansion of democracy and other civil reforms, reduction of the bureaucracy, attacking the total free market (without interference from the state) and socialism (nationalization of the means of production).
Currently, although the Kadets received support mainly in urban centers, a problem in their early days was that they were quite vague about their political programs.
* The party would be renewed in the 1910s, moving to the center-right.
Union of September (Союз сентября, Soyuz sentyabrya) or Septembrist Party (Сентябрьская партия, Sentyabr'skaya partiya) was another center-right party that emerged in the early days of Russian democracy.
The "Septembrists" proposed they defended the established political reform (their most radical areas wanted a more constitutional monarchy), Russia One and Indivisible, denying autonomy and national self-determination (avoiding federalization) to all parts of Russia except Finland, protect private property and agrarian reform, fight against legal and economic inequality.
(OOC: A replacement for the Octobrists).
Left:
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP, Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия or Rossiyskaya sotsial-demokraticheskaya rabochaya partiya), also called simply Bolsheviks (majority). The group had distanced itself from the more regional 'Mensheviks' (other Social Democrats), successfully jumping to the national scale.
While Vladimir Lenin was proposing something, the socialists and social democrats who were in Russia today had their own ideas. They defended a collective government of diverse associations-groups of left to reach the popularity and attention of the government.
The de-facto group would begin to be led by a "Troika" (triumvirate) of agent Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev and Lev Borisovich Kamenev, who defended these ideas of collective government, greater workers' rights, expansion of democracy, national autonomy. (or federalization for the most extreme) and other measures.
In short, the Russian Bolsheviks practically abandoned much of the ideal of revolution and democratic centralism in favor of electoralism.
Trudoviks (Трудова́я гру́ппа, Trudovaya gruppa, "Labor Group"), the Trudoviks were the inheritors of the populist legacy in Russia, a group founded by Alexei Fedorovich Aladin, Stepan Vasilyevich Anikin, Ivan Vasilyevich Zhilkin, Sergei Ivanovich Bondarev, Grigory Nikitich Shaposhnikov and Fedot Mikhailovich Onipko
They "defended" the interests of the Russian people, divided according to them into the rural peasantry, the urban proletariat and the "working class intelligentsia." Although they never had a very strong discipline.
They were popular and more radical than the center, but they lacked true lines and concise work. They defended, for example, the expansion of democracy, agrarian reforms in favor of the peasantry (almost reaching collectivization), and the like.
But when it was time to vote they always got divided, voting through different proposals from Kadets or the party leaders (Aladin, Anikin and others).
Moderate, regionalists or other trends:
Moderate, independent and autonomous.
The moderates and independents were simply politicians with no notable political party affiliations, which had come through personal popularity or popular political programs. As he obviously indicates, it was a mixed group of various tendencies to the left or right.
The autonomists on the other hand were the collection of regionalists who wanted more autonomy for particular regions, such as Poland, Ukraine, the Caucasus, Turkestan, etc. Or that they represented particular regions, like Finland.
The problem is that such parties would never reach national popularity outside their local ethno-cultural regions, which greatly limited these groups or politicians. Adding to this the inter-ethnic conflicts reduced the popularity of the autonomists, for which they needed to ally with other parties or they would never achieve anything.
Ittifak al-Muslim, "Union / Unity of Muslims", the Ittifak al-Muslim was one of the first Islamic parties in Russia, with branches throughout various sites with Islamic populations (Crimea, South and North Caucasus, Turkestan, Xinjiang , etc).
The objective of the party (or better said movement) was the unification of the Russian Muslims within the group, to establish a civil and liberal government, to fight against the racism towards the Muslim population, to educate the Muslim natives and to develop the Muslim culture.
The Ittifak al-Muslim, although it had its popularity, never managed to unify all Muslims, because it could never form a cohesive bloc with the Social Democrats from other regions of the Empire (such as Azerbaijan).
However it showed the tendencies of the Russian Muslim population towards more progressive policies.
The Muslim Society of the Tsarist People was an initiative of Professor Vladislav Frantsevich (Frantsovich) Zalesky of Kazan, a monarchical and conservative-leaning Muslim group popular with Tatars and other conservative Muslims.
The goal of the party and movement was literally to prevent Russian Muslims from being influenced by progressive ideas considered 'foreign'. They had some popularity and momentum in their early years, but they didn't get very far.
Geyrat ("Honor" in Azerbaijani), was one of the regional parties of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan was a hotbed of regional parties, such as Social Democrats and trade unions of various groups, including Iranians, the so-called Ichtimai-e-Amiyun).
The first Azeri party to propose federalist reform in Russia and pan-Caucasian ideas. They also supported the idea of a tax reform for tax matters.
The BUND, Jewish labor movements against anti-semitism, sionism and pro-socialists/labor reforms.
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[Medicine]
September 12, Professor V. Manteifel from Moscow, working at Russian medical universities, performs one of the first modern surgeries to successfully remove a bullet from the human heart.
This received a lot of attention from the Russian authorities, not only civil but also military (and of course this is one of the news that spread outside Russia ...).
In a time of militarization, any procedure that can save a citizen (better yet, a soldier) and help the army was very well received by humanity at the beginning of the 20th century.
Professor Manteifel received the budget to continue researching and developing in the area of heart surgery, if this procedure could be perfected there would be a considerable improvement in the military and civil medicine of the Russian Empire.
Of course at the moment the Russian Empire was not at war, but not capitalizing on the event would be a disappointment and furthermore the Russian government was at almost every moment preparing for a future war.
They weren't quite sure against whom, but they knew what was going to happen and the Russians wanted to be ready for this.
*******
[Exiles and others]
Starting in July, various emigrants and exiles from the Russian Empire looked with increasing attention to what would happen in the Russian Empire, after all the first national elections were approaching in November and the results could mean a huge change inside and outside the Russian empire.
Some considered this to be the perfect opportunity to return or leave Russia, the possibility of conflict (civil war or revolution), and the like.
The isolation of the media meant that not all information reached abroad, and it was not always accurate.
Vladimir Lenin believed that the event would mark a serious unification of the Russian peasant-proletarian mass against the tsarist apparatus. Other socialists were also optimistic, but they did not necessarily follow Lenin's line.
Some nobles, bourgeois, popular leaders and ultra-nationalists returned to try to influence elections. The Russian authorities stopped this because it was against anti-lobbying laws, and moreover in general many failed in their objectives.
Others left fearing the worst (mostly Polish-regionalist politicians).
Also certain personalities to some extent moderated, many SRs (Revolutionary Socialists) who could not do much for their terrorism, simply shifted to the right or moderated (abandoning their worst practices).
An example of this was Boris Savinkov, who abandoned the militant SR ideas in favor of one more line of the political right, imitating ultra-nationalist movements that existed abroad and transferring them to the Russian case (Russian nationalism, orthodoxy, and a bit of boulangerism-social aristocracy).
*******
[Hungary and dynasty]
In early July, Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich Romanov and Princess Elena announce another pregnancy, the last child the couple plans to have.
In the midst of this for September, elections for a (constitutional) monarch are finally announced in Budapest. Hungary had de-facto been a monarchy without a monarch, led by a parliament well related to the Russian Empire.
Some said that de-facto, Alexander III was the monarch, being obviously the leader of Russia and the Russosphere. But Tsar Augustus did not agree to be the monarch of Hungary, so his name was not in the options.
Instead the elections were mainly between the Tsesarevich Nicholas, or giving the crown to one of the Tsesarevich's sons.
The reason was simple, the Russian influence in Hungary (the 'Russification' of society and politics, more to imitate Russia than to be Russian), the desire for more investment and attention from Russia to Hungary (it was not bad, but everyone wanted more ) and the possibility of Hungary gaining more influence through this.
Either in Slovakia or within the Russosphere.
Finally because Tsesarevich Nicholas was of legal age, a trusted adviser to Tsar Alexander III and was already monarch of Slovakia, he was chosen by the Hungarians (mainly urban, Budapest, etc) as the new monarch.
Nicholas simply agreed and traveled to Hungary with his family to learn about the environment, make connections, and more. The Tsesarevich could always abdicate one of his younger sons by separating the crowns.
Obviously the Austrians abroad did not recognize this.
On the other hand in Transylvania some Hungarian rebels believed that this was a good opportunity to get Russian support against Romania.
*******
[International]
July 5, the Australian government (led by the Australian Social Aristocrats) continues to reinforce the White Australia policy, the Imperial Preference and to support the Imperial Federation project with greater force.
With the support of Canada, New Zealand, Austalias and the white South African elites, the popularity of all these ideas also reaches the United Kingdom (England more specifically).
Partly because white-English Britons see it as necessary, or prices will continue to rise after the loss of Suez.
July 8, the American writer Theodore Roosevelt accompanied by his daughter Alice Roosevelt Longworth (21 years old at the time) and some other associates, begins a journey through Asia to know China, British Hong Kong, Japan and the governorship of Korea (Russia).
Giving rise to one of the most popular series of texts by the author, who this time toured more parts of Asia in an undoubtedly difficult time in regional history.
July 9, Menshevik regional parties are created in Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, Baltic regions of the Russian Empire. None of these social democrats get very far on the national scale.
July 21, the merchant fleet of the Caspian Sea of the Russian Empire increases exponentially, with this the investment and economic influence of Russia in northern Persia continues to increase exponentially.
July 22, various demonstrations against child labor occur in the United States, especially by the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Philadelphia.
However, this regressive and conservative era in the United States leads to the decline of women's movements, whose decline also affects other homeless (literally children).
July 24, one of the largest earthquakes in Mognolia (Russia), in fact the second largest recorded in the region, with 8.4 on the Richter scale.
Fortunately, although Russia has programs to integrate the region, the fact that it is rural and sparsely populated means that there is little damage and death.
July 30, Japan's economy has a deeper economic depression in the immediate post-Russo-Japanese war period due to the need to pay debts and repairs.
The lack of oil and minerals is still present in the country of the Rising Sun.
August 1, following the example of the guerrilla Francisco Villa, various Mexican guerrilla groups attack the US border, more specifically the states of Arizona and New Mexico.
This has a profound impact on the United States, not only does the war not stop after taking the enemy capital (Mexico City), but the guerrilla forces are still capable of attacking US territory and posing problems for the American armed forces.
Some US officials propose the need for more drastic measures in the occupied territory to deal with the rebels, but for every guerrilla soldier killed there is an entire family uniting against the United States.
The fixation on the arid north of Mexico and the Caribbean also damages operations in the jungle of Panama, allowing Venezuela-Colombia to deal with the US armed forces more successfully.
Although Panama is lost and still in the hands of the United States, American forces are retreating from the rest of northern Colombia.
August 2, fighting between right-wing paramilitaries in Stockholm, Sweden.
The monarchists are defeated with Norwegian intervention, non-monarchical paramilitaries and British aid. Various parts of Sweden are temporarily occupied and paramilitaries allied to Norway-UK march through the streets with impunity.
This obviously marks the great decline of the Swedish monarchical movement, the rise in popularity of the Social Aristocracy (anti-Semitism, white supremacism, Nordicism, etc.) and the fact that Norway will never again be Sweden's junior partner.
(Also August 2) The Ancient Order of Druids (one of the oldest modern druidic orders in the world, founded in 1781) perform a neo-Druid ritual at Stonehenge, England.
This currently leads to violence by the obscurantists-pagans within the Social Aristocracy (minority sects part of the group) against these Druids.
August 12, Leopold II of Belgium founds right-wing Belgian exile groups against the British Empire and the German Empire. They never go too far.
At the moment the exiled monarch moves to Argentina, and decides to continue to be a nuisance to everyone around him.
August 19, popular demonstrations occur throughout Russia as the first national elections for the State Duma of the Russian Empire approach.
August 20, Dr. Sun Yat-sen forms the "T'ung Meng Hui" or also called Tongmenghui, which can be translated as Chinese United League, United League, Chinese Revolutionary Alliance, Chinese Alliance or United Allegiance Society.
This Tongmenghui is a secret society formed by the union of other secret societies, with the aim of finally dethroning the Qing dynasty. With members such as Song Jiaoren, Huang Xing, Li Zongren, Zhang Binglin, Chen Tianhua, Wang Jingwei, Hu Hanmin, Tao Chengzhang, Cai Yuanpei, Li Shizeng, Zhang Renjie and Qiu Jin.
The group had nationalist objectives (expelling the Manchu, reviving the Zhonghua or central state), republicans (overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republic) and socialists (agrarian reform, with the land distributed equally among the citizens), creating the "Three Principles of the People "in the process.
The Tongmenghui was founded in Seoul, Russia. Japan was in a time of instability and due to the contact between Sun Yat-sen and the KGB since the Russian interventions in China, these revolutionaries came to Russia.
It helped that the Russian Empire had done its part to drive out the Manchu by taking Inner Manchuria from them, though not all nationalists were satisfied.
August 27, some Orthodox and Black Hundred nationalists accuse various universities, such as the Kiev universities, of being nests of socialists and depraved.
August 31, Night of Karlstad (city in Southern Sweden), during this day several extra-judicial murders take place against Swedish monarchists, liberals and socialists by the Swedish extreme right.
Attacks on property, businesses and people of Jewish origin also occur.
September 1, the United Kingdom and Canada sign treaties that begin to create a common defense and fund for the Royal Navy and the Canadian Navy, continuing the path towards closer relations.
September 5, one of the largest general strikes in the history of the Empire of Japan occurs, effectively paralyzing many of the railways of the main archipelago.
The Japanese settlers, mostly non-leftists, are less and less making the decision to leave the Philippines, fearing the situation in the main archipelago, and not wanting to go to Taiwan for similar reasons.
In addition, quite a few ritual suicides (of seppuku characteristic) occur among Japanese officers of the Imperial Japanese Army during this period, in Japan and Taiwan particularly, some are forced by external pressure (the purge of the Black Dragon Society) and others due to the defeat in the Russo-Japanese war.
The Japanese suicide culture continues to advance, especially due to the composition of suicidal literature (usually poems) by these officers.
In the Philippines, on the other hand, the officers generally release many of the kidnapped Filipinos for the army or prisoners, generally these become guerrillas. Although now they are not fighting only against Japanese, but also against other Filipinos.
September 8, an earthquake kills 500 to 2,500 people in southern Italy, abroad they say it is a cover or they increase the numbers to continue attacking socialist Italy propagandistically.
September 27, Albert Einstein publishes "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?" (Зависит ли инерция тела от его энергоемкости ?, Zavisit li inertsiya cloth ot yego energoyemkosti?).
This text publishes the idea of mass-energy equivalence, with the equation E = mc(2).
With this Einstein continues to rise on the academic scene of the Russian Empire, 1905 is effectively considered his "miracle year", although the German-Russian scientist needed help in certain corrections and publications from fellow scientists.
Also the Alexandrian government was observing and to some extent intervening in the investigations (OOC: Alexander guiding on the 'right path').
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