บท 169: You could have something great (January-March, 1902).
Farming]
The Russian Empire was the main exporter of agricultural-livestock products in Europe and one of the largest food exporters in the world, in the midst of a global economic crisis and epidemic diseases, among other events that had greatly altered the world, trade, etc.
As a consequence the price of food had risen and Russia remained in a powerful position despite economic downturns in Berlin, London, Paris and New York. Were the Russians intact? No, but the Russian economy was still afloat, and it was doing better than many could say.
This was hopeful in an age where having bread was ironically said to be the new status symbol, in various parts of the world.
In the midst of all this, Tsar Alexander III creates a new special commission for agricultural research, to assess the needs of Russian agriculture, new research, investment in technology and useful advances, gather information, assess infrastructure needs, etc.
In charge of this commission were placed not only scientists but also other officials, such as the Minister of Finance, Industry and Commerce, Sergei Witte (president of the special commission).
Why the reason for creating such a commission? The government's motive was Russian attention and interests, on the one hand it had been observed how a simple drought seriously ruined agricultural prices in the United States.
And on the other hand Russia wanted to continue to maintain its advantage over the rest of the states in agricultural production, so a state investment in agriculture (understanding and improving the Russian agricultural situation) was not a problem.
* An incredibly high advantage of Russia over its competitors was that Russia had (for some years now) started practicing vertical farming, investing not only in traditional farming methods, but also in hydroponics and aeroponics, and in aquaculture and aquaponics.
The "farmscrapers" were the mainstay of this vertical agriculture, after building the infrastructure and developing technology, knowledge and practice, these vertical farms had the capacity to feed 50,000 people or more (the times of famine are over, if with 20 farmscrapers in optimal conditions you could feed 1 million people).
The approaches in this case continued to go towards better uses of water, crossing the specimens with better traits to obtain better results, studies about performance, medical investigations to avoid pests or diseases, etc.
* In traditional agriculture issues (local farms, horizontal farms, etc.) there were also certain advances. Much of the Russian agriculture had been mechanized with the invention of tractors and modern agricultural equipment, also the Russians had developed chemical products like fertilizers and pesticides.
Again the Russian motto regarding agriculture was that not only did chemicals or soil fertility matter, the use of water and machinery also mattered.
The responsible and efficient use of water as well as advances in agricultural engineering were vital for Russia, otherwise aquifer resources, agricultural sectors and obviously food could be lost.
This in particular would be very vital for cotton farming, which existed especially in Central Asia (not only the one that already existed in old Turkestan, the Russians also wanted to start cotton-related projects in their new territory of Xinjiang). Any loss of water was a failure for use in productive activities.
* The government also studied how were the farms of various social sectors and territories of Russia, communal farms, family farms and private properties (companies or rich people / upper class).
And how these properties were oriented to their communities, to the national market within Russia or even to the international market on certain occasions.
* Another point of study of these investigations was the continuation of the Green Wall of Central Asia, destined to fight against the desertification, but that was a project of decades and much less vital than all the Russian agriculture.
Last but not least, with the special commission came the proposals or / and constructions of more private infrastructure.
Not only more greenhouses and farmscrapers, but also new institutions aimed at agricultural research, such as universities and laboratories, particularly in areas of southern Russia such as Odessa or Rostov-on-Don.
*******
* [Agriculture: Diplomacy?]
In the midst of this special commission, the Russian government asked the US government of President Elihu Root if they wanted to carry out cooperation regarding agriculture, when President Root publicly stated that the United States needed to improve its agriculture through improvements in irrigation and the like, especially after a drought basically raised the prices of fruits, vegetables and meat.
This was a time of relatively good relations between the United States and the Russian Empire (the best word would actually be cordiality and neutrality).
Root agreed, but unfortunately the Americans did not learn the right lessons, they focused a lot on irrigation, chemicals and machinery, and not on infrastructure, vertical farming or sustainability (which is why the Russian farmscrapers never made it to America in this times, and the first who tried failed mainly by cost or because elected more traditional methods).
*******
* Perspective of Pyotr Stolypin.
The Russian official was giving some members of the US department of agriculture a tour of the city of Grodno (of which Stolypin would soon be governor, but that's another matter).
"And this here, he's one of the farmscrapers." Pyotrs Stolypin informs his audience that they see for the first time one of the great vertical farms of Russia.
Vegetation towers surrounded by agricultural markets.
"How do they work?". One of the Americans asks. But there were some difficulties for Americans in understanding the place, full of Jews, Poles, Belarusians, Russians, and other ethnic groups from the empire.
"Well, in the lower floors we do not only agriculture but we also raise aquatic plants and some fish. In the upper floors we just do hydroponics or aeroponics." Stolypin explains how to start. "We are also promoting farmscrapers as part of the educational potential in Russia, allowing visits to schools and gymnasiums, as well as state investigations of various kinds, sometimes cooperating with universities."
"Although the Russians had interesting ideas and knew how to implement them, some of them were not suitable for the United States.
The farmscrapers seem like a waste of money and investment in infrastructure that at the moment is not important to cover. "
-Various reports from the United States Department of Agriculture.
Another factor that may be responsible is that Americans were still seeking to distribute their agricultural territory in some states, and that large and medium-small American farmers were also setting other goals.
Hence condemning the early chances of farmscrapers (made by Russians for Russia and for Russian purposes) in America.
(OOC: Obviously a mini-segment inspired by nikola631's comment)
*******
[Movements]
On January 25, throughout in particular the Grand Duchy of Finland and certain western sections of the Russian Empire (including the city of Saint Petersburg) there are various demonstrations of various humanist movements, promoting the causes of women's suffrage and the abolition of punishment. death in Russia.
As political reform had not yet arrived and the majority of the population was greatly unaware of what it would be like, especially in some regions of the empire, the women's suffrage movement was given a little more strength, although not much.
In the last administrative reform, women had not been given the right to vote, but the right to vote for men had been expanded for the local government, the Zemstvos, etc.
So there were two opinions, either political reform was going to bring female suffrage or political reform was not going to bring female suffrage.
The Russian woman of the time had made certain advances, especially in the participation of working life, especially in medicine, university courses for women had been expanded and women also had a high participation in social activities, especially in the Pioneers.
In summary, although women had increasingly notable roles in social life (including the Pioneers, the patronage of noble women to artists, women who were artists, etc.) and labor, their rights were still quite limited.
The issue of the death penalty in Russia is also somewhat interesting, while in some countries (such as the United States) new forms of capital punishment were being sought, there was an increase in the number of Russians abolishing the death penalty.
In addition, Russia only practiced two types of execution.
The execution was ordered only by two entities, civil courts (of the judicial power) and martial courts (military authorities), according to crimes and violations of the codes. For example, murderers of officials or people who had wanted to assassinate the tsar (having anti-tsarist ideas made you be watched or locked up, but not always executed).
The death penalty meant being shot or hanged, Russia did not practice any other type of executions (officially), and they were not interested in bringing any other type of methods.
Generally because 30 to 300 people were executed (officially) per year, a relatively low number in the developed world.
But we have to keep in mind that crime in Russia was changing, and required less execution, because now the rising crimes were mostly attacks on private property.
Now, what state officials and tools of power in Russia (secret services like the Okhrana and KGB) will secretly do is another matter.
The demonstrations of 1902 did not go very far outside of a few days (the death penalty was not abolished and women's suffrage had not yet arrived), but it was clear that Russia was changing and that the population was already forming for a public-political life every more and more active.
*******
[Reconstructions in Azerbaijan]
On February 13, the Baku governorate region was shaken by seismic activity in the city of Shamakhi, causing the death of 3,000 inhabitants of the 43,088 that were in said city.
Seeing that seismic activity in Russian Azerbaijan was common, and since Russia continued with public infrastructure projects to solve the problems of the global economic recession, the Alexandrian government took action on the matter.
This was the "State Program for the development of Transcaucasia" (especially Azerbaijan in its beginnings), a program of works and public investment for economic development and reconstruction, which began with the city of Shamakhi.
It was also an experiment, to see if at the moment (world epidemics, economic recession, etc.) state programs in geographical subdivisions of Russia were efficient (since this is what was being done in Galicia-Lodomeria, Xinjiang, Mongolia and Tuva, but the difference is that these regions were more underdeveloped than Transcaucasia).
For economic and social development, construction of infrastructure, renovation of cities, improvement of the rural situation and others.
As mentioned, the first project was Shamakhi, a city that, although it had seismic problems, maintained much of its historical integrity (buildings such as ancient mosques for example). The city had been an important post on the ancient Silk Road, was the site of Persian and Azeri poets, and was renowned for its carpet making.
The state program sought to renew the textile industry (including the manufacture of carpets), seek the creation of viniculture and vodka (taking into account the favorable climate of the region, despite its Muslim majority), further improve public transport and create an automotive industry, continue to bring telecommunications services, tourism, expand services to nearby rural areas, and support the production of domestic products.
This led to the renovation of old factories and the construction of new ones, the creation of factories such as the "Aziz" car factory (one of the oldest car brands in the Russian Azerbaijan region), construction of new universities, new radio stations, etc.
This marked an increase in economic diversification in Baku and Russian Azerbaijan, which was mainly known for its oil production, unlike Georgia or Armenia which had much more diverse economies (tea, textiles, financial activities, etc).
In particular, some immigrants also began to arrive from some sections of the Russosphere, and the Iranian capital, which also benefited the city.
*******
[Diplomacy: Equatorial Guinea and Russia]
Equatorial Guinea was a curious thing, a small country run by a military junta of the old Spanish armed forces and with somewhat square borders, located south of the Russian Kameroon, formerly better known as a Spanish colony.
Equatorial Guinea had resisted (to everyone's surprise) British attempts to gain control of the territory during the Fashoda war.
That was good, but after Fashoda basically Equatorial Guinea was isolated. They refused to continue to recognize Carlos VII after he became a British puppet, they were not going to recognize Alfonso XIII and they were not going to join the Iberian socialists, but there was not much to do.
The generals of Equatorial Guinea had to do something to gain access to weapons and food or they would eventually die / be overthrown, one of two. They did not want to be an extension of the British Empire (which is why the Canary Islands were also independent), becoming socialists would ruin them and recognizing Alfonso was not going to give them practically anything in international relations.
But to the north was Kameroon, Slavic Africa. And Russia was one of the largest food and arms exporters in Europe. Were they willing to be an extension of the Russian interest? ... Yes, rather than be part of the British interest.
It was a relationship that came naturally, Equatorial Guinea in essence asked Tsar Alexander III for a Russian embassy in the country and to start doing business.
Russia recognized the country but they did not particularly have any diplomatic ties, but this meant the beginning of commercial relations and the fact that Equatorial Guinea will fall into the Russosphere through inertia and cooperation.
The military junta practically sold the country's foreign policy and resources (joining Russia's political field) in exchange for weapons and military equipment, food (that which could not be produced or obtained in the country) and protection.
It was quite simple, Equatorial Guinea, now being isolated, lacked a lot of workforce (there were no longer natives coming from Portuguese Africa to Equatorial Guinea, escaped slaves, etc.) and it could not manufacture much, but it still had plantations of some products such as cocoa and coffee. , had a fishing and logging industry.
So Russia produced the equipment necessary for the regime, produced the food necessary for the regime and gave certain specialized workers to the regime (European natives willing to do some jobs such as construction, educating the children of officers, etc.).
In exchange for, for example, receiving rights to any important resource, such as oil (which existed but was not discovered when the junta sell the rights of it).
The country within the Russosphere was a curious place, firstly because they spoke Spanish and they were a military junta, they were very different from for example Ethiopia or Russian Indonesia.
In the local mix there were obviously natives of the area, Africans of other origins, Cubans, Filipinos, Catalans, Jews and Spaniards of various colors.
Tsar Alexander III began to investigate the country to find out what it was like. Although there was a military junta, the truth is that there was not so much repression against the natives (not as in the British Empire or the French Empire at least), but there was high poverty, few services, few hospitals, etc.
The country was founded simply by the remnants of the Spanish empire in Africa, too proud to join any Spanish-Iberian claimants and no interest in joining the British.
*******
[International]
January 1, Switzerland begins a program to rebuild its railways, after the German intervention in Switzerland meant the destruction of most of them.
January 4, Empress Dowager Cixi issues a decree ordering her subjects to resume friendly relations with foreign diplomats in the city of Beijing.
French francs worth more than 40,000,000 dollars are lost, this due to the fall of various infrastructure companies in the south of France.
January 5, Mrs. Warren's Profession, a play dealing with prostitution, is privately performed for the first time at a London club.
It is a very difficult issue in Anglo-Saxon society in London, which already discriminated against these issues but is now even more conservative and nationalistic, and with new censorship laws.
*******
* Hispania: Catalonia.
-Why do anarchists ask for prisons and then complain when we lock them up in them?
Phrase said by a Catalan Marxist soldier.
On January 4, certain cracks began in the Catalan Socialist Republic, not a separatism within the Union, but an enmity within the Catalan SR itself.
There were three main factions, the socialist-communists mainly of Marxist origin, anarchists and the syndicalists. This mainly due to disputes regarding the judicial and educational system, with complaints presented especially by the union-anarchist coalition.
The anarchists in essence proposed the creation of forced labor camps in prisons and to eliminate the Marxist proposals in the education of the New School of Francisco Largo Caballero.
The unions, on the other hand, encountered some opposition to the ideas of the central government about economic management and infrastructure, in part associated with the new educational projects, the way in which some churches were nationalized or destroyed, etc.
(OOC: Currently the Revolutionary Catalonia indeed OTL had labor camps. And also the anarchist Makhnovia).
For this reason, while the tension increased especially in Barcelona, the Catalan Communist Party began to prepare measures against the anarcho-syndicalists.
Given the early response, it is not surprising that Catalonia was one of the first Iberian regions to seriously modernize its militias into a professional army and a relatively modern police force (considering the limitations that existed).
Partly through the collective government, which voted on said professionalization, seeing that in the rural environment there were various crimes committed by militias (of different ideologies) committing extrajudicial trials, stealing material from collective farms, etc.
This led to more protests by anarchists, whose militias were the most affected by professionalization (although socialist militias were also affected).
Some believed that the Catalan Communist Party (Catalan branch of the Iberian Communist Party) would take a more authoritarian turn, against their ideals.
On February 16, the numerous unions and anarchists in Barcelona began a general strike against various measures of the legislative and executive power of the communist party.
In response, the First Secretary of the Catalan Communist Party held a vote on the use of police force against the general strike.
From the collective government, various anarchists and trade unionists tried to overturn the vote or filibustering, but they failed and the elections were won by the hard-line factions.
A measure of martial law was applied in Barcelona and the Catalan Communist Party dealt a serious blow to the independent trade unions and the anarchists (practically ending anarchist-syndicalist threats for years), leading to the imprisonment of leaders and the continuation of the reforms.
"Under Siege: Prison in the Establishment of Marxism.
We must always see imprisonment as a necessary evil in the establishment of a socialist country and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
As Marxists we understand that the bourgeois state reinforces the supremacy of one class (the bourgeoisie) over another (the proletariat), but in our case we must ask ourselves: Who are we locking up and why?
We, the Catalan socialists, understand that we live under siege from other countries due to capitalism, we can depend on ourselves and the Italian proletarians, but apart from that we live under sanctions, closed borders and maritime limitations, not only that, but also there is the threat of war, interference and infiltration of the capitalist powers within our state.
Serious threats to the revolution.
Our current legal structure is to avoid the collapse of Catalan workers' society, not to maintain the power of capital. And that is why the imprisonment of many of the Barcelona strikers is necessary. "
-Responses of the Catalan Communist Party to the central government regarding the response to the Barcelona strikes.
President Francisco Largo Caballero and the First Secretary of the Catalan Communist Party met to discuss the matter before the votes regarding the crushing of the Barcelona strikes, Francisco Largo Caballero was after all also a member of trade union movements.
"It is a superficial position to understand the Barcelona strikes as a struggle between the principles of anarchism or unionism and the dictatorship of the Catalan proletariat.
Actually these movements were convulsions of the peasant petty bourgeoisie which desired, of course, to liberate itself from capital but which at the same time did not consent to subordinate itself to the dictatorship of the proletariat. Had the strikes been successful today we would see a regressive movement of the progress of the revolution, less education and defense of the proletarian state.
Anarchists have achieved nothing in their entire history, in the present they have achieved nothing without us, and in the future they will achieve nothing. "
-First Secretary of the Catalan Communist Party.
The central government voted in favor of the decision of the Catalan Communist Party after proof that it was rather a democratic decision in favor of the New School reforms and the defense of the socialist state (Catalonia was the great frontier of Hispania with France , capitalist country).
Francisco Largo Caballero for a moment considered resigning to call an election after what he considered malpractice, but his idea was rejected. The central government voted widely because Caballero will continue in his position as president, at least in the first period of the Hispanic government (6 years, 1899-1905).
However there were some changes in the government, Antonio García Quejido became Vice Secretary of Francisco Largo Caballero, in essence a vice president or "Secretary of ideology".
The Barcelona strikes were one of the first challenges to the first socialist state in Iberia, and they showed certain problems of the collective government.
* Hispania: Portugal.
On January 6, very important events occurred for the Portuguese continentals, a British ship had collided with Portuguese fishermen off the Hispanic coast (during the blockades and sanctions against Hispania), causing the death of 19 Hispanic citizens.
The Portuguese Socialist Republic and the Portuguese Communist Party (branch of the Iberian Communist Party) did not delay in denouncing this in Hispania and to a lesser extent internationally.
The British Empire and Hispania seemed to go to war soon, with Iberian socialists approaching Gibraltar and British ships near the Portuguese shores.
But finally nothing happened, the British public and the Iberian socialists did not declare war. Product of economic recessions and global pandemics, even Winston Churchill called the idea of a new war with Spain so soon a useless idea.
The feeling of Anglophobia grew in the Portuguese SR, but it gave them greater unity and integration with the rest of the socialist republics.
That is why the Portuguese votes in general went to somewhat more centralized policies and believed in the Catalan idea of the proletarian dictatorship "Under Siege".
*******
* United States: National Republicans.
On January 7, important events of American political circles take place, first of all the Republican, Henry Ford becomes a senator.
As a senator from Michigan, Ford is meeting more and more senior figures from both the Republican and Democratic parties. At its core Ford is a one-man party, with increasing legal money, charisma, and appeal to different groups (supporting equal pay regardless of race, but also in favor of big business).
It is more important during this period that Ford meets the re-elected Republican Governor of Wisconsin, Robert Marion La Follette Sr.
La Follete was an interesting person in a sense, he was one of the American progressives (he opposed the constant elimination of the African American vote in the South, promoted tax policies against monopolies and tax evasion of big companies, new tariffs on railroads). Early in his career as governor, La Follete attempted to ally himself with conservative Republicans, who ended up breaking (with the help of railroad interests) La Follete's attempts at progressive policies.
La Follete was more experienced as a politician but was fighting conservative establishments in exchange for progressive policies. Energetic, but lacking sufficiently important leadership.
That is why the friendship of Ford and La Follete allowed the formation of an increasingly strong leadership of disgruntled Republicans, a circle that was already known as "National Republicans" in its early days.
The coalition was not perfect, but it was politically practical. La Follete and Ford weren't the Jews' best friends, and the National Republicans certainly had racist, populist (using racist rhetoric), and ethnically chauvinist elements, but still there were also elements against certain policies of segregation.
* United States: Corruption.
On January 14, a corruption scandal became briefly notable, when the governor of Oklahoma was selling certain territories to companies in exchange for $ 10,000 in shares.
Although the governor is replaced by another by order of President Elihu Root, it must be remembered that the government is still strongly friendly to big business and continues to allow monopolistic acts (which in theory go against the weak Sherman law).
Like for example the Northern Securities Company.
Apart from this, Arthur Pue Gorman becomes a senator from Maryland.
*United States: 4 parties?
March 19 marks the beginning of an interesting time, the Populist Party of the United States dissolves to join the Democratic Party (to be honest, they were basically an extension of the Democrats in their later years).
It was one of the first third-party parties to be (relatively) popular, outside of the Republicans (conservatives) and the Democrats (liberals).
But this event causes a division of various interest groups, there are agraristas, leftist politicians, populists and other politicians dissatisfied (ex-populists, democrats and republicans) with this dissolution.
So while some remain in the Democratic Party, others join the Socialist Party and the circle of progressive "National Republicans" of La Follete and Ford.
Giving as place four movements, two traditional (Democrats and Republicans) and two recent (progressives with more and more initiative and socialists).
The progressives, although they promote certain types of reform, do not reach the radical level of various socialists, the point of the National Republicans is tax reform, anti-monopoly laws, and such others.
Socialists on the other hand believe in socialist theory, from Marx to their own theories or those of other socialist thinkers, cooperativism (which falls within utopian socialism), etc.
*******
January 8, 17 dead and 38 new wounded in the Hippo Wars.
January 10, the longest recorded hot air balloon trip is made (well, it was the longest recorded trip so far in 1902).
A German traveled 1,469 km (913 miles) from Berlin (Germany) to Poltava (Russia).
Friedrich Alfred Krupp is recognized as the richest man in Germany ... in the midst of this, his country is going through a housing crisis (with more than 40,000 homeless in Berlin, and more in other parts of Prussia), economic crisis, social crisis (not only the aforementioned homeless but also unemployed, troubled veterans, illnesses), etc.
January 11, the first electric tram opens in Mexico City. The government of Maximiliano I soon seeks to expand the public service of electric trams to the north and south of Mexico.
January 12, explosion of a boiler in a textile factory in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Causing the death of 60 people and 100 injured.
Swedish society continues to militarize and follow an authoritarian path, with the abolition of some social democratic organizations in the country, as they are considered inconvenient.
January 15, Chilean delegates leave Mexico City, where the Pan-American Congress was held. This is due to the fact that the rest of the delegates of the 16 nations gathered, agreed to follow the arbitration agreement of The Hague (as the United States and Mexico were already doing in reality).
This because of the Chilean opposition to this arbitration.
January 16, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Chilpancingo, Mexico. Despite this, there are only 2 dead and 2 injured.
Underground public toilets are opened in Amagertorv, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Needless to say, doing it at this time was not the best idea due to epidemic diseases.
January 17, German-born engineer Gustave Albin Whitehead (Gustav Albin Weisskopf) is hired by the US military to build aircraft for the US air force.
January 18, 4 commercial buildings in Detroit, United States collapse without warning at 6:30 p.m., killing more than 200 individuals from the various firms working there.
A horrible incident that also generates losses of more than 600,000 dollars.
January 20, after defeating the worst Panamanian militants, Colombian liberals send a new governor to the federal state of Panama.
There are no incidents and this means that the Liberals can implement their projects in the region.
January 21, the Senate of the Second French Empire abolishes the mandatory mass for the navy.
January 23, one of the biggest mountaineering disasters in modern times. 199 soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army die on the island of Honshu while conducting exercises in the Hakkōda Mountains.
January 24, Iowa's coal economy comes to a complete halt when all of the state's coal miners go on strike demanding better safety conditions, due to the death of 20 miners (and 14 other miners were seriously injured) in an explosion in Lost Creek Fuel Company's No. 2 Mine.
The strike does not get too much.
King George I of Greece suffers an assassination attempt, fortunately he survives but again shows certain instabilities in the Kingdom of Greece.
January 28, another fall of more than 10 million dollars in the US economy.
The city of Vienna, Germany, retires its last horse-drawn carriages, going to have an electric tram public transport system.
January 29, the late President William McKinley's birthday is celebrated throughout the United States, practically an unofficial holiday for years to come.
January 30, the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden (essentially puppets of British interests) sign a binding treaty for an alliance, in this time of a "New Europe".
January 31, 10,307 deaths from epidemic diseases in South Africa, British Empire.
February 1, an explosion in a Mexican coal mine kills 100 miners.
February 2, the first modern union in the Philippines is created, away from the Japanese authorities, the Union Democratica de Litografos, Impresores, Encuadernadores y Otros Obreros, later know more simply as Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina (UODF, translated into English as Philippine Democratic Workers Union, PDWU) by Isabelo de los Reyes and Hermenegildo Cruz.
Isabelo de los Reyes is a very important figure in the labor movement of the Filipino natives, not only for the creation of his first modern labor movement in the region, but also as a hero seeking Philippine independence from the Empire of Japan.
Bringing the works of Marx, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Errico Malatesta and fighting against the Japanese (and therefore being persecuted by them), unfortunately Antonio Luna and Isabelo de los Reyes did not get along very well, so both groups (the rebels of President Luna and the red rebels of Isabelo de los Reyes) did not coordinate much.
********
* French situation.
On February 3, an event took place that would mark the history of the French state. Various politicians had gathered at the Chanaral club in Brittany, in northern France, to discuss French realities.
These were the Republicans, Liberals, Senate Centrist Moderates, Bourgeois Republicans, the "Carnot Republicans" (obviously named after their leader, Marie François Sadi Carnot, a highly popular Republican open to political bargaining), and the Reform Socialists of Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès.
These groups wanted to change French policies (or reform or end the monarchy, depending on the case), forming a coalition to force the French Senate preceded by Prime Minister Pierre Curie to call new elections.
For the establishment of this moment we can say that they were radical in wanting to change the constitution and the state, potentially making the republic, but moderate in other matters, such as supporting the idea of economic reforms (especially Jaurès, who wanted to 'tame' the capitalism with reformist socialism) where they were in favor of the views of Pierre Curie and French nationalism.
Jaurès was an opponent of the war, but dismantled the ideas that the workers had no country and many of his followers currently supported the war, that is why he and his group were given the nickname of "Social chauvinists" or " Social patriots ".
This coalition could have done something today, Carnot in alliance with Jaurès (and even Curie) could have launched a policy of change by uniting the power groups and French citizens.
But then the Chanaral club suffered an attack (abundant in Europe at the time), marking the death of Carnot and various leaders of the moderates, bourgeois republicans and liberals.
21 people died, one of the few survivors being Jean Léon Jaurès.
This marked the end of the Carnot Republicans (lacking a leader) and thus the coalition crumbled like sand, leaving the reformist socialists of Jaurès on one side, and the seriously weakened Republicans.
There was nothing else that could be done right now.
Chaos was increasing considerably in France, with the rise of hardliners Socialists and other radicals.
To this day the origin of the attack is unknown, in general they were violent times throughout Europe and especially in France. Product of the troubled cities (full hospitals and many graves), the economic crisis, violence between different parts of society, etc.
To make matters worse, the Governor of Algeria, Charles Maurras, was trying to form his own coalition between the French navy in Algeria, the army and members of the Catholic Church to avoid further chaos in France, where the "degenerates" are increasing.
On February 4, paramilitary groups of the various intransigents/hardliners (intransigents, those revolutionary socialists of Jules Guesde) are created, many of them formed by socialists who have just been released from prison (having been locked up during the Boulangerist period).
Prime Minister Pierre Curie manages to reduce the working hours of coal miners to 9 hours a day, very good news for February 5, the problem is that this reform came too late.
The original plan was that the workday would be 8 1/2 hours by 1904 and eight hours in 1906, but obviously the French situation was not the best.
*******
February 9, 26 city blocks in New Jersey, United States, catch fire. Causing the destruction of more than 400 buildings (including the city hall, commercial buildings, homes, churches, etc.) and countless lives.
February 10, the British officially announce the protectorate status of Tibet, the British dominate the kingdom's army and foreign policy, which they hope will be a position against Russian Xinjiang.
Of course in Tibet slavery-servitude, theocracy and other inhuman activities are still practiced (especially torture of slaves).
The economy of Detroit, United States, is mostly ruined, local banks lose millions of dollars and various infrastructure begins to fail.
February 11, in Brussels the German police have to fight against several Belgian rebels and also crush strikes, partly by pro-independence and suffragettes, opposed to the German government or its methods.
February 12, the yacht Hohenzollern (Kaiser Wilhelm II's personal yacht) arrives in New York City, USA. A few days before the arrival of Prince Henry (brother of the emperor) on the first visit of the German royalty to the country.
February 15, in Berlin the Stammstrecke route of the Berlin U-Bahn opens, an underground transport route, which becomes quite popular ... the problem is when some 6000 citizens protest trying to take control of it.
German soldiers intervene, managing to regain control of public transport.
February 18, complaints against the Northern Securities Company for monopoly are disappearing "mysteriously."
February 21, there is a week of labor unrest in Paris, fortunately Prime Minister Pierre Curie resolved it peacefully, although there were 50 reports of violence between participants and some officials.
February 22, 1100 deaths from epidemic diseases in New York and 17 deaths from hippopotamuses in the Mississippi Delta.
February 23, Prince Henry of Prussia arrives in New York City. On board the ship Kronprinz Wilhelm
February 24, Prince Henry is greeted by President Elihu Root at the Executive Mansion. The next day both men travel by train through New York City.
The mail (the United States Department of Corrections) encounters serious problems reaching rural communities during this time of economic crisis, in part due to corruption and problems with the spoils system that remains in the United States, in part due to strikes of the mail workers from time to time (wanting a bigger salary, from $500 to $600) and in part because of the current economic crises.
February 25, from the Shooters Island shipyard, the Meteor III, the world's largest yacht, owned by Kaiser Wilhelm II, who ordered it from Archibald Cary Smith (who designed the Yampa yacht, which became the property of Kaiser Wilhelm II and since then she was called Iduna).
Spending money on the biggest yacht in the world and not in Germany is a great idea.
February 26, Prime Minister Pierre Curie and tens of thousands of French people celebrate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Victor Hugo, a monument is erected in Besançon, birthplace of the poet, novelist and playwright.
February 27, the threat of the rebel forces is definitively defeated. President Cipriano Castro is re-elected as the leader of Venezuela.
March 1, the Republic of the United States of Brazil holds elections, with Rodrigues Alves of the Republican Party of São Paulo being elected with 91.7% of the votes.
Of course, of the population that can vote, the majority of Brazilians living in the region currently did not vote for Alves.
From March 2 to 7, trials are held in Firipin, for the first time, against officers of the Imperial Japanese Army for the murder of Filipino civilians.
However at the end in April most of these officers are acquitted by the court martial.
March 3, seeing the situation in the United States, Harry Longabaugh ("The Sundance Kid") and Etta Place decided to remain in Argentina.
Neither the two of them nor Butch Cassidy would ever return to America.
4 de Morzo, a powerful tsunami (and the secondary effects of this natural disaster) cause great loss of life in the Central American area.
Economic problems in Ohio.
March 5, the San Francisco ironworkers still don't have the nine-hour day, but after some strikes they got some concessions.
March 6, Prince Henry receives an honorary doctorate from Harvard University.
Football club cooperatives began to be created in the city of Madrid, Spanish Socialist Republic.
Bone organizations of fans, players and communities for sports, educational activities, etc.
March 8, the first armored vehicles of the French army are created in metropolitan France, the "Voitures Blindées" (armored cars) or "Ours" (literally translating Medved, медведь, into French).
March 10, Thomas Edison's monopoly on film technology in the United States is withdrawn.
Unfortunately many of the innovators who went to Russia (where he had not said monopoly) do not return.
March 11, Prince Henry left New York back for Germany. This visit marks a curious episode in German-American relations, because Germany at the same time was planning how to invade (in the event of war) the United States and the United States did not like Germany so much.
From an American point of view, relations were mainly neutral or cold, leaning toward mutual aggressiveness, now that Germany was expanding so aggressively into the American "backyard", Venezuela and Mexico.
But nothing bad happened regarding Prince Henry's visit, and it was not another German spy mission on American soil.
March 13, major road paving begins in northern Italy (Federative Socialist Republic of Italy), allowing more rural communities to be linked to large cities.
The cargo ship Reporter was wrecked in San Francisco Bay when it crashed into the wreckage of the ship King Philip (destroyed 24 years ago on January 25, 1878).
That is bad luck.
It also hurts a bit the shrinking trade in San Francisco (as a result of post-Fashoda contractions in international trade amid economic crises and pandemics, strikes are also a factor but a minor one compared to the other two).
March 18, Pope Leon XIII launches the last papal condemnation against the Freemasons.
March 20, major economic problems with the loss of 72 million Canadian dollars due to the economic crisis.
March 21, Denmark and the Faroe Islands agree that the Faroe Islands remain independent. Why?
Very simply, the fear of another British invasion of Jutland or the islands makes both parties recognize that it is better to have independent Faroe Islands and with the appearance of neutrality.
This marks the end of the Danish expanses, as they lost the Faroe Islands, the Virgin Islands, Greenland, and Iceland.
March 22, for the first time in a long time the Rothschild Petroleum Company reports the loss of 43 million US dollars due to the economic crisis.
In addition, 30,000 workers on various properties of the company are on strike.
March 26, the Social Aristocrat and founding father of the British colony of Rhodesia, Cecil Rhodes, dies at the age of 48 from heart disease.
March 28, the state of Virginia begins to take multiple measures to limit the African American vote.
March 29, after racist comments the U.S. diplomat Charles M. Dickinson is declared persona non grata in Bulgaria.
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