บท 108: Downfall comes in one way or another (January-March, 1922).
End of the Baltic Front]
The fall of Omsk and the death of Alexander V. Kolchak had marked the beginning of the end of the Directorate as a militant force capable of changing the situation in the Russian state.
The loss of leadership and the fall of various cliques weakened the movement, mistakes made by the Directorate itself and the actions of the central government of Moscow had eliminated numerous resources, assets and allies.
Which would eventually lead to the downfall of the Directorate as a whole. In short, the Russian civil war was clearly tilted in favor of the central government (which in retrospect had many elements in its favor for victory from the start, although it does not mean that the Directorate forces were completely useless).
The domino effect of the fall of Omsk would lead to the collapse of the Baltic clique, when Jukums Vācietis (Russian army officer) together with the militias and coalitions of Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas and Petr Stuchka, began to gain ground in the Latvian region (Russian Baltic region in dispute between both sides of the civil war for most of the Baltic front).
Indeed the Baltic front had been stagnant for a long time (supported in particular by military forces, such as various mechanized units loyal to Sergey Leonidovich Markov), but was now beginning to crumble in favor of forces loyal to the central government following news of the death. of Kolchak and the advances of General Vācietis.
These defeats led to Markov and his officers seeing no other option but to end the war, which was already practically lost. But the commander of the Directorate's Baltic forces, Nikolai N. Yudenich, still did not want to give in.
What led to Markov striking a 'coup' (or counter-coup, depending on how you look at it) against Yudenich and other associates, beginning to dissolve the Baltic Directorate to end this part of the Russian civil war.
Peace discussions between the central government and Markov lasted from late 1921 to early 1922, until they finally ended in February 1922.
Between February 5 and 14, 1922, the Baltic Directorate forces, now led by Sergey Leonidovich Markov, surrendered to the central government of the Russian Empire, established in Moscow.
Only the southern Directorate forces remained, led by the Black Baron, Pyotr Wrangel, and the 'Hetman' Pavlo Skoropadskyi.
Despite a greater focus against Wrangel and Skoropadskyi, the truth is that their administration and military forces, surprisingly, could still cope with conventional forces.
But they were incapable of winning a war of attrition or a guerrilla war, which would eventually lead to their downfall, like the rest of the Directorate forces.
Markov agreed to be put on life imprisonment, but his subordinates received much lighter punishments.
Officers most closely related to the work of the Directorate were placed in forced labor camps for their re-habilitation in society, while other junior officers or soldiers (not so closely related to the Directorate) were simply 're-educated' and re-integrated. elsewhere.
They were barred from re-entering the armed forces and were subject to certain security and surveillance measures, but it was much better than a forced labor camp or life imprisonment.
It was clear that the central state of the Russian Empire was not going to allow future attempts at rehabilitation to the Directorate of National Salvation, which meant trying to root out any future movement in the bud.
(OOC: We will explore this later)
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[Russification of Inner Mongolia]
While it is true that Damdin Sükhbaatar played an important role in the Mongol Social Democratic Labor Party and therefore the Russification of Inner Mongolia, the truth is that his work as a military kept him away from other political issues.
Fortunately, the MSDLP had other leaders who were able to carry out much more continuous political and administrative work than Damdin Sükhbaatar, we are talking about Dogsomyn Bodoo.
On January 7, 1922, Dogsomyn Bodoo officially became Prime Minister of Inner Mongolia, approved by the national parliament and gaining the support of other local authorities (Mongol princes and Buddhist authorities).
Dogsomyn Bodoo's role is very remarkable, in regards to the integration of the Mongol lands within the Russian Empire.
He not only supporting the idea of unification, but also promoting a major reform program for the 'modernization' of the Mongolian tradition and purging of unwanted elements.
A remarkable cultural program, which also does not ignore the support for improvements in the quality of life of the Mongolian people (which in part would support the aforementioned cultural modernization).
Although once Inner Mongolia unified with the Russian Empire after the post-civil war referendum, Dogsomyn Bodoo would lose his position as Prime Minister, he managed to maintain a position as an influential politician in the Mongol lands and with connections to the central government of the Russian Empire.
Several of the leaders of the MSDLP are in essence, fathers of modern Mongolia and its important socio-cultural, economic, political and military changes.
Damdin Sükhbaatar is today remembered as a capable military and popular leader (populist according to some), and Dogsomyn Bodoo on the other hand is a notable statesman, perhaps a visionary.
Counting that Dogsomyn Bodoo helped lay the foundations to help the economic modernization of the Mongol lands in the Russian state and assisted the central government in vital plans for the region.
Although of course not everyone agrees with his cultural policies, in general he also helped keep the Han Chinese population of Inner Mongolia in line, in favor of the central government of Moscow.
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[Western Russia: Poland and the Baltic]
With the end of the Russian civil war in the Baltic and the situation progressively normalizing, there were a series of policies launched by Tsar Nicholas II and the Fourth Duma under Premier Stalin, for reconstruction and other important developments in the Western Russia region.
In particular we talked about developments in the Congress of Poland and various areas of the Baltic (in particular Lithuania and Latvia), targeting regional minorities, the rural environment and cities.
During these plans, Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas (from Lithuania) and Petr Stuchka (from Latvia) in particular gained notable influence in the politics and administration of the Baltic region during this period, thanks to their connections with the central government in Moscow and the successful militias (close in thought to the RSDLP).
During the war another attempt at Polish separatism had been successfully stopped and various scenarios of inter-ethnic tension arose within the Russian Empire (in particular involving Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, Russians and others).
The military conflict had also resulted in damage to infrastructure in various parts of the region, which had to be rebuilt promptly.
In this reconstruction plan, Nicholas II planned to continue reinforcing the policies of his father Tsar Alexander III and implement others (or perhaps the word deepen would be more descriptive), to resolve the results of the Russian Imperial Crisis and continue to attack the separatist sentiments that exist in the region.
And there was a 'simple' solution to this task, from a political and socio-economic point of view. But he would continue to create problems from a cultural and socio-political point of view.
The rebuilding program had the idea of continuing the 'economic castration' of the Congress of Poland and old Poland-Lithuania, and using local ethno-cultural conflicts to keep separatism under control.
All these techniques that had already been initiated or applied during the reign of Tsar Alexander III of Russia.
And to a certain extent they deepened under Tsar Nicholas II and the Fourth (IV) Duma.
Under the pretexts of civil war and the support of certain strata for the Directorate cause, the First Stalinism had had the ability to launch various reforms and eliminate the opposition with successful purges.
Thanks to this, effectively the Baltic German nobility, in decline since the middle and late periods of the reign of Tsar Alexander III, effectively lost most of their benefits, and more importantly, their lands.
An agrarian reform that nationalized and divided the lands in Lithuania and Latvia among more than 120,000 families of peasant origin (lower-middle class).
This allowed Mickevičius-Kapsukas and his local coalition to move the Baltic peasantry to his side. After all peasant 'emancipation' was a focal point of Mickevičius-Kapsukas policy.
Putting the majority of the population in one way or another, in favor of the central government.
This also helped to castrate the possibilities of separatist-independence movements in the less loyal regions of the Baltic.
Especially when through particular economic policies such as subsidies or credit, the public sector became of vital importance for the agriculture and livestock of Western Russia (in particular the Congress of Poland, Lithuania and Belarus would become dependent on oil, energy resources, manufacturing , technology and financial resources from the rest of Russia).
Through these developments in rural areas and Russian economic advancement, there was a significant decline and decentralization in the large urban areas of old Poland-Lithuania (and other possible central government policy goals).
Economically, the Russian Empire had value for being a sum of its parts, the separation would be disastrous. Especially for the weaker parts of the chain, like those particular policy targets of the central government (Warsaw, Vilnus and some other cities).
Also the continuing quality of life and important infrastructure for these regions would depend on Moscow's management, further damaging separatist intentions.
* In a sense, Lithuania is one of the few regions in the world that underwent a 'reverse evolution', going from being a mostly urban and light industrial site, to an increasingly agricultural-rural site.
With the exception of Vilnus, certain cities in vital points such as railways or communication lines and port sites of great importance.
** Although this could prove disastrous in some regions, Lithuania maintained positive real wages and relatively low living costs, as well as good population growth (160% population growth between 1900-1940).
And through these developments in the rural-urban realm, the central government could begin to lead the different ethno-cultural groups against each other.
If the Poles, Lithuanians, or other peoples tried to become independent, the central government would use other groups (particularly Jews, Germans, and East Slavs) to stifle attempts at separatism.
After all, it was better for these groups to be in the multi-cultural and economically powerful state that was Russia, than to be in separatist states (of less economy, power and extension, and also with policies that could well harm them).
In fact the Russians could use the Poles themselves against each other, the Poles of Galicia were much more receptive to the government of Moscow than the central parts of the Congress of Poland for example.
The problem is that it is shown that if there are problems, all these ethnic groups could start killing each other ... Which obviously the central government wanted to avoid.
But there simply weren't many easy ways out of the complicated affairs of the Russian Empire.
* Another useful policy of the reconstruction period were policies for the most skilled and various industrial workers to move or move from their homeland to another, and policies that increased loyal ethnic minorities in the region.
In short, use internal migration movements, brain drain and various policies to favor the dominance of the central government.
Either by supporting multi-ethnic plurality in certain regions, or by depriving less trustworthy regions of vital assets like workers and educated personalities.
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Rural Russia in the early XX century (Latvia) - Public-local workers wiring the fields after new Agrarian reforms in the Baltic
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Rural Russia in the early XX century (Lithuania)
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Rural Russia in the early XX century - Part of a Polish family
These policies were only even more successful once the construction of high speed rails began in the Russian Empire and other policies of public infrastructure, commercial development / renovation and 'common wealth' (support for the common distribution of wealth).
While separatist ideas return from time to time (due to strong national identities), especially in Poland, these separatist attempts have failed since then.
* The high-speed rail of the Russian Empire would allow a curious socio-economic phenomenon, where the people of the Russian Empire could live in low-cost settlements at the same time that they could travel long distances to where there were well-paying jobs in an increasingly short time. time frame.
In the process, releasing economic-governmental pressures on large cities and industrial centers, and bringing vital infrastructure developments to rural sites.
In short, both environments of the Russian Empire were gaining significant assets, and the interconnectedness of the Empire was increasing (weakening the real chances of separatism in the process, over time).
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[Russian Colonial Empire]
March 14-17, 1922, an important event occurs for the development of the Russian Colonial Empire in the future. Genrikh Thuku, 26-27 years old, becomes a delegate from the Keniya colony in Moscow, capital of the Russian Empire.
Thuku belonged to the Kikuyu ethnic group, a sub-group of the Bantu. An interesting people, during the brief British period of Kenya-Keniya, they had lost a lot of land to white settlers.
A situation from which the Kikuyu people only recovered after years of land reform in Russian Kenya. But still there were other problems associated with the colonial structures of the time.
The Agricans were not stupid, and they knew that much of their local structures were actually dominated or co-opted by the Eurasian Russians and their allies among local elites.
Genrikh Thuku had worked mainly in newspapers and local logistics for Russian officials, but then in the early 1920s he got into politics alongside Abdalla Tairara, founding the Keniya Youth Association.
The objective of the organization was to defend the interests of the different African peoples of the colonial Keniya through a peaceful movement in favor of economic-political emancipation of the colonial administration.
The group also had one goal, the preservation of important cultural aspects of the native peoples (Thuku was referring in particular to defending local agriculture, which was of vital subsistence for many of the natives).
The message of the Keniya Youth Association resonated throughout Keniya and even elsewhere in Africa, especially among the agricultural-rural communities.
This drew attention to the Keniya Youth Association and in particular to Thuku, who served as the general secretary of the organization, increasingly notable and involved in politics.
Most importantly, Thuku founded the first popular emancipation movement in the Russian colonial empire.
After this Thuku soon became Keniya's representative in Moscow, therefore he was able to go and explain his actions and his social, economic and political views to the Fourth (IV) Duma of the Russian Empire.
Emperor Nicholas II was in favor of sooner or later the Russian Colonial Empire ceasing to exist in its current form, and he had already developed certain plans for Keniya (the East African Federation).
So the emperor decided to use Thuku.
Thuku would promote pacifism among the Africans of the Russian Colonial Empire, eliminating radicals and militants with the help of the authorities.
The Russians would also work on certain legal and political reforms, but economically speaking they would still be of notable importance (whether Genrikh Thuku liked it or not).
Of course it was also a very long-term plan.
Eventually the Keniya Youth Association would accept this generous offer.
In essence, the movement was also co-opted by long-term Russian interests. The most radical would become complacent, and those who did not line up would be put away from the stage.
And Russian interests would not be harmed by cooperation, the movement's pacifist attitude, and the idea that the Russians were willing to make amends.
Although of course it wasn't that simple, that's where the long-term part comes from.
In addition, you also had to negotiate with other people, Thuku had not only to deal with his allies and the Russians, but also with tribal leaders, student movements, etc.
A lot of work in short ...
The Russian civil war left its mark on the Russian colonial empire, was one of the first steps towards the eventual fall of the colonial empire and led to the rise of people like Genrikh Thuku.
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[First Stalinism: Purges]
The purges were the means by which the government of Tsar Nicholas II and Premier Iosif V. Stalin (Fourth Duma) established a major change and reform for Russia's post-war future.
Dangerous elements for the reforms were eliminated, the political supremacy of the Tsar and his allies was established (guaranteeing in theory a softer government in the future) and a pretext was obtained to obtain important assets and / or changes in Russia.
Many outside of Russia insist that they were inhumane, but it is generally believed in Russia that they were necessary (although they may or may not have had certain excesses).
Also the purges of First Stalinism are complicated, since they occurred in the civil war and therefore the records become a bit fuzzy ...
In the 1920-1925 Premiership, under Iosif V. Stalin and Tsar Nicholas II, there were around 1,700,000 executions. Which is sometimes taken abroad as the number of the first purges of the tsar's reign.
However, this is partly true, and partly not.
While several purged elements were executed, not all purged ones were executed (some ended up in prison or in exile). And not all those executed were part of the purges.
The civil war was a period of internal conflict where there was a lot of violence between citizens, which led to violent measures.
In general, the most reasonable numbers place the numbers of the first purges between 30,000 and 50,000-70,000 individuals, or not much more than 100,000.
In summary, we could condemn the purges carried out under the government of Tsar Nicholas II and Premier Stalin who, leading the central government of Moscow, were a fundamental part of them.
But we must take into account that there are problems in their numbers, and of course the purges have been used as an excuse for anti-Russian propaganda.
In the future, the purged elements would generally be considered political criminals, which led to the reform of the Katorga (that is, fewer executions and more forced labor).
But this is information for later...
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[International]
* [Red Europe: Division is downfall]
January 1, 1922, the problems within the socialist bloc begin to increase. The struggle between groups for power and the intelligence services began to make several maneuvers.
Following the re-habilitation of political opponents, the President of the People's Republic of France, Paul Faure, initiates a new program for the 'liberalization' of the socialist government (Faure's most important ally in this endeavor is of course André Léon Blum, student of Jean Jaure, old friend and enemy of the late Jules Guesde).
Faure leads several moderate-nationalist purges and policies, which weaken parliament, unions, and national economic planning. Bringing conflicts between various factions (a 'reformist' faction under Faure and Blum, hard-line communists, syndicalists, autonomists, etc).
This continues the struggles for power within France, but also intensifies the conflicts within socialist Europe itself.
The Free Republic of Germany and the New Order in Italy frown on Faure's revisionism, which seems like a threat.
While the government of Bordiga and various minor socialist republics (such as Andorra) see Faure's policy favorably.
The Union of Iberian Socialist Republics and Socialist Switzerland remain neutral, which is another way of saying that they are going to wait for the result and side with the winner.
The division in the European Socialist Union is a serious problem, motivated by political pragmatism and ideological divisions, which led to the weakening of Red Europe before the Third World War.
As a result of this international power struggle, on January 7, 1922, an important reform of intelligence services was created in the Free Republic of Germany, which gave rise to the Ministry for State Security (Ministerium für Staatssicherheit) better known as Stasi.
The Stasi was originally under the coordination of the Old Guard, like Vladimir Lenin and Karl Liebknecht, but it would achieve greater notoriety when it was brought under the control of Minister Joseph Goebbels (a kind of student of Lenin himself).
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January 3, the Ford administration, with the support of big industrialists and the alliance between the National Republicans and parts of the Democratic party, finally reformed US economic policy by abolishing Free Silver.
For decades this policy was defended by the more 'agrarian' parts of the Democrats, but eventually they had to give in to pressure from big capitalists and the National Republicans. In addition, it was proven that the Free Silver as it was originally seen, had been quite catastrophic.
Despite this victory in a sense, it still a problematic matter.
The Democrats could not recover all their lost positions in rural environments, and also such an abrupt change in economic policy led to several financial-banking problems that especially affected the average American.
January 4th, the royal family of Nilambur runs a remarkable but strange donation drive ... donating elephants in particular to various parts of India and the world.
The royal family of Nilambur promoted the creation of a special nature reserve in the plains of the United States, where in modern times live several elephants (mainly those semi-trained and semi-wild, from elephants escaped from circuses) and several were donated. elephants more.
Creating a protected territory and definitely supporting the demographic expansion of these animals in North America (which is part of the strange American Savannah).
The royal family of Nilambur also donated Guruvayur Keshavan (later known as Gajarajan, king of the elephants) to the Guruvayur temple in Kerala.
Although the time went through difficult times, Keshavan lived in relative happiness until 1976. And he became one of the most famous assets and inhabitants of it, for his longevity and good behavior.
January 10, the Prussian Republic of Germany, under British influence, creates "Blitzfunk" ("lightning spark") a centralized national communications service, to support the interests of the British bloc in Europe.
Especially useful for political and military organization, Blitzfunk could transmit messages from point to point, in a distance greater than 288.8 km, only between 7 and 10 minutes.
With this tool, the British bloc could use Berlin as a center to coordinate movements in Croatia-Slovenia and Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway) more easily.
Although of course we are not counting furious improvements and advances in the efforts of the British and their allies for the next great war.
Blitzfunk would also serve as part of the propaganda coordination effort against the Russian Empire and the European socialist states.
January 11, an insulin injection is given for the first time (an important step in the treatment of diabetes).
This occurs when at Toronto General Hospital, Dr. James Collip administers a dose to Leonard Thompson (14 years old at the time).
Thompson developed an allergic reaction early on, so research was conducted to refine the treatment, leading to a second injection on January 23, 1922.
January 12, the economy of the Republic of China begins to worsen (even more than it was already in poor condition), when the dockworkers of Canton (Guangzhou) go on strike, demanding much higher wages.
Similar problems occur in British Hong Kong, but the British authorities have the means to stop the strike through the use of police-military forces. While the Republic of China lacks a centralized and unified government to do something similar.
The Chinese economy suffers a crisis, which reduces the economic activity of the Republic of China by between 15% and 30%.
The Prime Minister of the Imperial Federation, Winston Churchill (successor to Louis Alexander Mountbatten), announces important victories together with the confinement and / or execution of various rebel leaders against the State Council and King-Emperor Edward VIII.
The civil war in the Home Islands leans increasingly in favor of the loyalist troops, and according to the predictions of the time, it should end in late 1922 or early 1923.
January 15, the Wilson family launches the 'Woodrow Wilson Foundation', a non-profit educational organization that aimed to spread what they defined as "Wilsonian ideals" (like Wilson's "Six Points on International Peace").
Woodrow Wilson was an academic with certain idealistic views about the needs to form a peaceful world (hoping that such ideals could prevent a Third World War in the future).
Although Wilson held 'progressive' views in some aspects, after 1924 (Wilson's death) the foundation was taken over by ultra-right groups and others like the KKK, who used it to attack racial equality (related specially to the African-American situation) and socialists movements.
Partly because Wilson had a certain ... familiarity, with the racist ideology of the KKK.
January 17, peaceful protest movements (known in the future as non-cooperation or peaceful protest movements) in the Sikh community of the British Raj fail considerably.
Partly due to the arrest of its leaders, such as Baba Kharak Singh, and the situation of other popular anti-colonial movements in the British Raj, which favor other measures.
As a result of this, the anti-colonial cause of the Sikhs is taken up mainly by groups that support more 'active' measures (direct confrontation and political violence).
January 22, Pope Pius XI (Pietro La Fontaine of Venice, February 29, 1860 - July 9, 1935) launches a remarkably large campaign for humanitarian projects throughout the world.
Projects focused particularly on dealing with food / famine problems, local war issues and illiteracy.
After this, Pope Pius XI in particular begins to advocate the need for the creation of an international body for the peaceful resolution of problems (in essence, a United Nations Organization, based on Christian-humanist values).
January 23, the Ford administration holds an agricultural sector conference in Washington D.C, seeking answers to solve problems in the agricultural sector and the Dust Bowl.
Without many results in reality, rural life was largely ignored by the National Republican Party during its early Fordist era.
At the end of the Dust Bowl, 7 million people starved to death as a result of inefficient responses from the US government.
January 26, the Anti-Lynching Bill, which would make lynching a federal crime, 'dies' within the US system of government.
While progressive and S-CPUSA members among the Representatives managed to pass the law (narrowly), the Senate never casts a vote for its final ratification.
As a result, the Anti-Lynching Bill is trapped in a limbo.
January 27, British Raj police troops massacre 4,500 Bengali civilians in favor of Indian independence, in an event commemorated today as the Salanga massacre.
After the massacre, Barindra Kumar Ghosh briefly went into anonymity, intending to reorganize the independence forces of Bengal against the British.
January 31, the Ford administration begins to deal with its deficit by requesting repayment of loans made by the United States to other nations.
However, the law that would have used the interest to finance the bonds and benefits for the military does not pass, giving more support to popular movements like Smedley Butler's Redneck Justice Army.
February 2, after the beginning of the construction of socialism in the Socialist Republic of Ireland with numerous reforms (agrarian reform, legal reforms, educational reforms, industrial projects, etc.), some notable cultural changes began.
The first avant-garde or modernist artistic movements are created, typical of socialist Ireland.
These movements not only took elements from other innovative artistic movements for the time (Futurism, Dadaism, etc), but also looked towards the Irish tradition (part of the revitalization programs of Irish culture). To create a syncretism of the nation.
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Example of an Irish painting from the early 20th century, depicting the first president of the Irish Socialist Republic, James Connolly.
Some men, faint-hearted, ever seek
Our programme to retouch,
And will insist, whene'er they speak
That we demand too much.
'Tis passing strange, yet I declare
Such statements give me mirth,
For our demands most moderate are,
We only want the earth.
"Be moderate," the trimmers cry,
Who dread the tyrants' thunder.
" You ask too much and people fly
From you aghast in wonder."
'Tis passing strange, for I declare
Such statements give me mirth,
For our demands most moderate are,
We only want the earth.
Our masters all a godly crew,
Whose hearts throb for the poor,
Their sympathies assure us, too,
If our demands were fewer.
Most generous souls! But please observe,
What they enjoy from birth
Is all we ever had the nerve
To ask, that is, the earth.
The "labour fakir" full of guile,
Base doctrine ever preaches,
And whilst he bleeds the rank and file
Tame moderation teaches.
Yet, in despite, we'll see the day
When, with sword in its girth,
Labour shall march in war array
To realize its own, the earth.
For labour long, with sighs and tears,
To its oppressors knelt.
But never yet, to aught save fears,
Did the heart of tyrant melt.
We need not kneel, our cause is high
Of true men there's no dearth
And our victorious rallying cry
Shall be we want the earth!
-By James Conolly, now part of the popular folk Irish collection "Songs of Freedom".
February 4, in the city of Chauri Chaura (in the British Raj) a mob of Indian citizens kills 22 policemen after the policemen shot at civilians, who were protesting against the British authorities.
February 7, after a short time after its foundation, El Salvador and Honduras try to leave the Federation of Central America, but are unable to do so due to military intervention by Nicaragua and Guatemala (with the support of US Marines and political support from Washington D.C.).
From the beginning, the pan-American project in Central America suffered a notable series of social, cultural and political problems, which contributed to its eventual decline and dissolution (even after decades of the formation of the aforementioned federation).
The State Council of the Imperial Federation opens session during this time of crisis, marking important unilateral reforms (agreed between the socio-economic elites and members of the bureaucracy and the armed forces).
This increases the centralization of the Imperial Federation as never before and lays the foundation for major reforms in the post-civil war period of the Home Islands.
In particular benefits for the military and big industrialists ...
February 8, rebels in the Home Islands kidnap 42 police officers and minor military personnel.
The first permanent radio is installed in the Executive Mansion of the United States during the second term of President Henry Ford.
February 10, Czechoslovakian chemist Jaroslav Heyrovský invents polarography, after successful experiments with a machine of his own design, capable of analyzing and measuring electrochemical reactions.
Although this is a beginning, it is not until 1925 that experiments and other various tests are given, and polarography gains recognition in the scientific community.
In the Home Islands dozens or hundreds of students are reported missing, the result of seditious activities (against the State Council) carried out by left-leaning student movements.
Of course, there are also right-wing student groups, the 'British Youth', which are actually a collection of militant groups that support the British proto-death squads.
February 16, the Zentrum and its political heirs lose ground in the Prussian Republic of Germany (and of course, they were banned in Red Germany).
This marks a major breakthrough for the German far right, as socialists are banned in East Germany.
As a result, Baron Manfred von Richthofen and the Strasser brothers have an increasing chance of achieving central power in East Germany.
February 17, the government of Paul Faure in the People's Republic of France begins to attack avant-garde movements such as Surrealism and Dadaism, favoring a return to traditional artistic aesthetics.
Socialist Realism was maintained to a certain extent, but without a doubt this period was a dark time for Socialist Realism in France.
February 18, the Ford administration (the Nat Republican-Democrat alliance) passes laws that attack with greater force the farmer cooperatives and the industrial unions, seeing these models of economic-labor organization as attempts to implement socialism in America.
However, the creation of large estates of land (which damage the agricultural sector to some extent) and other policies that allow the creation of monopolistic corporations (which affect all types of industries) were still allowed.
February 21, the United States government increases the role of the MIC (Military Industrial Complex) in the United States air force ...
Which in the future gives some positive results, but also negative results (extreme expenses, engineering and design failures or technological backwardness, and delays in delivery, design or production, etc).
This is motivated by some failures of the American state developments of this time, such as the 'Roma' class aircraft (noted for its history of pitch control fails and constant fires).
February 23, the government of Paul Faure begins to propose ideas to reverse the anti-religious policies of its predecessor and allow greater religious freedoms, including autonomy for Christian churches in France.
However, this decision is conflictive, and shows greater conflicts within French politics. There is a divided and powerless center, perhaps the reformists are going too fast and against the socialist order of the country, the syndicalists and autonomists want concessions, and the hard-line communists are increasingly opposing measures like these (and they have some power base to counter-attack Faure, and also support in some parts of the Red Europe).
The major criticism of the reform of the so-to speack 'rehabilitation' of religion among French socialists, is that Christianity and other religions although they may have positive ideas are inherently anti-Materialist (since it only focuses on spiritual matters) and therefore is a severe danger to the socialist project.
March 2, Margaret Haig Mackworth 2nd Viscountess Rhondda, disappears due to political troubles with the Lords, and her support for political causes such as women's suffrage and anti-authoritarianism (which was certainly a disturbing trend).
Margaret Haig Mackworth had gotten into trouble with the Imperial Committee on Privilege and Conduct (a select committee of Lords dealing with the legal matters of the privileges of the aristocracy in the Imperial Federation). She wanted to claim a position among the Lords of the Imperial Federation, as successor to her father, David Alfred Thomas 1st Viscount of Rhondda, who had died in 1918.
However under the Social Aristocracy, the government and the aristocracy is a preferentially male club. And the viscountess's other activities eventually got her into trouble ...
March 3, anti-Bordiga militants supported by General Benito Mussolini secretly take out various artillery and mechanized vehicles.
The New Order of Italy plans and supports the need for a coup, before it is too late and Italian socialism is destroyed by the reformists / Left Communists.
March 5, vampires make their first film appearance, with the premiere of the movie 'Nosferatu', at that time made in the Prussian Republic of Germany by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau and occultist-artist Albin Grau.
March 6, in the Boer United States and South Africa (Imperial Federation) white workers block attempts by local reformers to open semi-skilled jobs to non-European workers (ie, black Africans or Asians).
Setting a precedent of 'popular support' for segregationist policies in the region. Of course, this is only in a time where the voice of the white man counted more than the opinion of the native African.
March 10, the Hitler militias (followers of the Swedish-German Adolf Hitler) begin to carry out vandalism and assault against symbols of the old Swedish monarchy and headquarters of socialists or labor unions.
March 12, assassination attempt on Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
Rebels attempt to shoot the Prime Minister's car on a drive through the Home Islands, but the attempt is unsuccessful.
March 13, Charles F. Jenkins begins to take the first steps in the creation of mechanical televisions (television transmitter and receiver, or "Transmitting images wirelessly", as the patent of Jenkins' invention indicates) in the United States.
Because of Jenkins and other corporations that had entered this market, during the early years of television manufacturing, the United States had an industry primarily dedicated to the manufacture of mechanical televisions.
In the United States, mechanical televisions prevailed over electronic televisions until 1928-1930s, while in Russia from the beginning electronic televisions prevailed (from 1925 onwards).
March 14, Genrikh Thuku becomes representative of the Keniya colony in Moscow, capital of the Russian Empire.
Harry_Thuku_Kenya_National_Archives.jpg
Genrikh Thuku, one of the most important Kenyan representative in the Russian Empire.
(OOC: Harry Thuku).
March 18, the first bat mitzvah (a ceremony for a Jewish girl, as opposed to the bar mitzvah that is for a Jewish boy) is performed in the United States.
March 20, new federal laws in the United States expand the importance and rights of large agricultural landowners in the US economy.
Especially favoring large land owners over small land-owners (or even medium-sized ones).
March 23, Argentina, the Buenos Aires Zoo sponsors a group of explorers for a trip to a lake in the province of Chubut, Patagonia.
Supposedly in this lake (80 kilometers from the October 16 valley), a creature described as a plesiosaurus, a glyptodon or a megatherium was reported.
The group is given 6 weeks to "the capture or destruction of the anachronistic creature." Of course, nothing is ever found, but it is interesting.
(OOC: This happened OTL and it's just hilarious).
March 24, Edsel Ford (son of President Henry Ford of the United States) makes an important announcement, the Ford Motor Company becomes the first major company to permanently adopt a 40-hour workweek.
With this, Ford Motor effectively reduces its work week to five days, with no operations on weekends. Causing the weekly wage to be lower, although it will continue to be 12 dollars per day (equivalent to $ 196 per day or $ 24.50 an hour in 2021), because of no work on Saturday.
"Every man needs more than one day a week for rest and recreation. The Ford Company always has sought to promote ideal home life for its employees. We believe that in order to live properly every man should have more time to spend with his family. "
-Edsel Ford.
This phrase made Edsel Ford popular, who, similar to his father, was in business and politics.
However, this culture promoted by the Ford company would not survive the passage of time and would not permeate the other large companies or the United States in general.
March 25, the Communist Party of Brazil (also called the Brazilian Communist Party) is created. This supposes an increasingly unified command of anti-monarchy leftist guerrillas in the Empire of Brazil, at that time supported by Red Europe.
In response, the parliament takes reactionary measures, fearing that these communists could pose a problem for the stability of the Empire.
Being a notable player in Latin America, any event in Brazil can have notable regional or even global consequences, and this would be no exception.
March 27, briefly (due to a clerical error) New York women are banned from smoking in public spaces (but not men).
Due to a confusion between city clerk Daniel W. F. McCoy and Richard Enright, the New York City Police Commissioner. McCoy had mistaken a draft of the ordinance for a law that had been passed in March 13 and had forwarded it to Commissioner Enright.
Curiously, it is not the first time in the United States that an attempt has been made to prohibit women from smoking in public spaces.
March 31, occurs one of the first unsolved crimes of the Free Republic of Germany, the Hinterkaifeck murders murders.
At a farmstead near Waidhofen, Bavaria, five members of the family of Andreas Gruber (Andreas Gruber, 63, his wife Cäzilia Gruber, 72, their widowed daughter Viktoria Gabriel, 35 and Viktoria's children, Cäzilia, 7, and Josef, 2) were beaten to death.
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