บท 100: Novyy Mir (April-June, 1920).
Novyy Mir/Новый Мир]
"New World."
It was a delicate moment in Russian history as the final clash between two major forces approached. History is continually lived and made by the figures who participate in it, and much had changed since the birth of Tsar Alexander III.
The tsar was no longer there, but it was clear that things had changed for him and would continue to change after him, building on the legacy of the first Tsar Augustus.
Nicholas II was anxious, continuing with his idea of building a 'new world' for the Russian Empire and its people. Similar to his father, Nicholas II promised various advances in various spheres of Russian life (politics, economy, security, etc).
[Kolchak also had the idea of making his own world for the Russian Empire, but only one of this ideas could survive the increasingly close coalition.
The question is which world was it going to be, if the one longed for by Kolchak, who tried to 'maintain' the old order, or the world longed for by Nicholas II, which was perhaps a too radical vision.]
The Covenant had been created, and with this the Russian Empire had become the captain of a bloc of more than 30 nations, moving forward towards greater cooperation and the dream of lasting peace in Eurasia.
But the Covenant was only the beginning and a means to greater ends, there was still much work to be done, as Tsar Nicholas II always said.
Both within Russia and abroad, for example the Russian high-speed rail planned by Tsar Nicholas II or the various executive committees of the Covenant.
There was also the idea of the important socio-political-economic reforms devised by Tsar Nicholas II and his associates, it was so close.
Of course there would be resistance, but Tsar Nicholas II would keep pushing forward with millions of other Russians.
Change is inevitable, it is an incessant wheel, and before letting Russia lag behind, it was necessary to continue reforms to ensure its survival much later.
Even beyond the tsar's death.
Once Kolchak was out of the way, there would be the Imperial Federation, and after the Imperial Federation, there would still be trouble.
It was complicated, but the Novyy Mir would come one way or another.
*[Perspective]
The circle of trust of Tsar Nicholas II was meeting in Moscow, the decisive moment was getting closer and closer.
The 1920 elections, Kornilov reported, would be the time when Kolchak and his director would act to end the Russian democratic experiment.
A moment that would unfold the Imperial Crisis, when Nicholas II and those close to him had to act quickly, to save Russia from chaos and launch the important reforms they hoped to implement in Russia.
On the table was, among other projects (such as the new building of the State Duma) the "Указ о Cуверенитете Российской Империи", romanized as 'Ukaz or Suverenitete Rossiyskoy Imperii'.
Which literally means, Decree of Sovereignty of the Russian Empire, a revision and reform of the Suverennyy Ukaz created by Tsar Alexander III and his legislators.
This 'Ukaz or Suverenitete' was reviewed by the members of the circle, especially Alexander Kerensky, who along with other civil officials is the one who had the greatest legal-judicial knowledge.
"Gentlemen, I will be honest with you. No plan survives the encounter with the enemy." Nicholas II indicates a pessimistic but rigid and realistic reading. "But it has always been an honor to serve alongside such loyal sons of Russia."
"At your service, Your Highness." General Brusilov exclaims, shaking the tsar's hand.
"So, I propose a toast before the storm." Stalin exclaims in a similar way. Karpovich, Ungern-Sternberg and Dzerzhinsky soon bring the drink. "For Russia!"
"For our Russia, the real one." Savinkov and Mannerheim add.
"For a future." Nicholas II and Kerensky follow, a drink is not bad every now and then.
Kornilov was the most uncomfortable in this situation.
He was willing to go all the way for Russia, but in the process he would betray a friend.
It was worth it?
Maybe.
A storm is approaching Russia, and the question was which dawn was going to come out.
How different the world would be if Nicholas II or Kolchak, whichever side, wins.
******
[Vladivostok (Urajiosutoku)]
With the civil problems within Japan (the formation of left-wing guerrilla groups or right-wing paramilitary / para-police, deterioration of the economic situation in the archipelago, etc.) and the dictatorship of the Imperial Japanese Navy effectively establishing itself, there was a Japanese diaspora towards Eurasia and the Americas.
We are mainly talking about exiled politicians, civilians and activists, who ended up outside of Japan to escape trouble (or the authorities).
These were the lucky ones, those who were not participating in the dictatorship or against it, were not dead-executed or in prison (where there were political prisoners, torture and human rights violations, etc).
With the United States limiting its immigration from Asia, many Japanese ended up in Latin American regions such as the Rio Grande do Sul Federation or the southern Empire of Brazil.
In Eurasia there were particular destinations, such as Russia, Red Europe (if they were socialist) or the Imperial Federation (yes, it was a racist place, but still there were some Japanese willing to go for various reasons).
Russia was huge, and the Japanese diaspora of this time settled particularly in the Russosphere of North China, Korea, or the Far East.
In particular 'Urajiosutoku', Japanese name for the city of Vladivostok, which was effectively the capital of Russian East Asia (surpassing even Port Arthur or Seoul).
A notable metropolitan city in the Pacific, which included people of all ethnicities and was one of the key points of Russia's New Silk Road, receiving trade from various parts of the world.
The greatest diaspora until 1937 comes on May 15, 1920, days after finally under the 'prompt security measures' democratic elections were abolished in Japan, attacking any body subject to popular election.
This day the Chinese community also grew a bit, as Chiang Kai-shek (Cash-my-chek) also moved to the region, now that Japan was 'unsafe'.
Of course it was short-lived, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to go back to the Republic of China, or go to a place where he was paid (and Russia was not going to pay him).
*******
[Oil and Gas]
The Executive Commission of the Covenant of Nations is the supra-national organ in charge of the implementation of the legislation made by the legislative branch, projects of the bloc and management of the budget granted through decisions of other organs of the Covenant.
With the creation of the Covenant, some 'basic' General-Commissions were created, which would be useful to the objectives and members of the Covenant. Just to give a few examples:
*General-Commission for Agriculture.
*General-Commission for Rural Development.
*General-Commission for Budget.
* General-Commission for Infrastructure and Communication.
*General-Commission for Energy Projects.
However, one of the most important General-Commissions was created on April 24th of 1920.
The "General-Commission for Oil and Gas Exports" is created, with its largest quarters located in Baku (Russian Azerbaijan, one of the largest oil-producing regions in the Russian Empire and also city near the Middle East and Central Asia region) and Moscow (capital of the Russian Empire and de-facto capital of the Covenant).
As its name indicates, said general commission would be in charge of the exports of natural gas and oil of the members of the bloc, among other tasks.
It sounds like something of little importance at first glance, but the historical analysis of this event is quite important for several reasons.
The General-Commission for Oil and Gas Exports of the Covenant of Nations was the first international body dedicated to the coordination and unification of oil and gas extraction-export policies (very important energy resources, increasingly consumed worldwide).
This is only really the surface, in addition to the political-economic unification of the bloc, the General-Commission would have the objective of stabilizing the oil markets to ensure the 'efficient, economic and regular' supply of oil to international consumers and consumers. Within the block, a stable income for the producers, a provider of important information on the international oil market and to sustain an adequate market for the national investors of the block.
In essence, through a commission of this type, the member countries of the Covenant guaranteed national sovereignty over their natural resources, where their own capital and companies obtained a de-facto important monopoly on the production and export of energy resources to the rest. of the world.
At a point where Ha'il was not yet the oil giant it is today, the General-Commission of Oil and Gas Exports, would essentially make the Covenant the world's largest oil exporter.
Of course, there were other means of obtaining oil (the Venezuelan part of Gran Colombia and other territories), but with notable as yet undiscovered deposits and other problems, the Covenant would continue to be a very important international trade partner, which could not be totally avoided.
With this, Russia could also continue to exert a remarkable domination over its sphere of influence in the Middle East (Kuwait, Mesopotamia, Baghdad, Persia), at the same time that it further improved its huge oil and gas industry through various projects (both in the Caspian, such as Central Asia, the Caucasus or other regions of the Russian Empire).
The block had a considerable amount of natural resources, and through its position it could easily supply large portions of the world with energy resources.
Through its borders it could supply Europe, Asia and the Americas with exports of natural resources or other goods and services.
Despite notable success in the energy industry, the Russian leadership under Nicholas II, like his father before him, remained exceptionally wise and sharp in management matters.
The country and the bloc could not depend on oil, but the rest of the world still needed many of the energy resources offered by the bloc (oil and gas continued to be growing markets even during the Great Depression).
Cars and the use of these materials in various matters were only on the rise for much of the 20th century.
So taking advantage of the money made from this export, Russia and her bloc could continue to feed other projects (not only the energy industry based on fossil / non-renewable fuels, but others).
Projects that included the development of public transport, research and, in the future, renewable or green energy.
But this is another matter much more in the future.
In addition, the Russian Empire focused on maintaining good relations with the country that would be another of the largest oil producers in the world.
The Emirate of Ha'il.
An alliance between the Russian-led Covenant and the Emirate of Ha'il in the oil market basically drives almost the entire oil industry on its own.
The authorities of Ha'il have already discovered oil deposits, but their productive capacities were only just being developed at the beginning of the 20th century.
Cooperation was the key to success.
So the Treaty of Friendship and Economic Cooperation of the Emirate of Ha'il and the Covenant of Nations was signed, leading to the establishment of notable infrastructure and energy development projects in the Middle East.
Methods of transportation, extraction, refinement and export of resources, vital for the economy of the region.
Russia and Ha'il already had a history of diplomatic and political cooperation, it was natural that economic cooperation should continue to support the continued development of both countries.
In exchange for support in this area and more bilateral ties between the two countries and the Covenant, Russia and her bloc obtained notable economic advantages in this Middle Eastern country.
Support to Ha'il was also especially needed, because like the Red Europe or Russia, it was under threat from the Imperial Federation. Only cooperation between nations could keep them safe from British ambitions.
Just a decade or two later, Ha'il produced more oil in one month than in the entire year of 1920. A remarkable advance that emulated the economic development that other countries had in a much longer time.
Russia was not far behind of course, it would not have so many reserves, but its socio-economic policies maintained a remarkably advanced 'state capitalism' in various economic sectors.
*[Perspective]
"Even if our level of development is higher in the future, and finances are even more abundant, we can never have an absolute guarantee for our goals." Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (51-to-52 years old) exclaims in the joint economic forum between the Covenant and Ha'il for infrastructure. "We must resolutely guard our development and projects, avoiding the problems of not adequately supporting our productive forces. If we lose our strength, we will become dependent and lose power over ourselves. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of our doctrine and an important feature of Russian-style modernization. The common prosperity we are talking about is the common prosperity of all people, the material and spiritual life of the people must be rich. It is not the prosperity of a few people, nor is it uniform egalitarianism. Giving people support to help them achieve independence and to contribute to our society, that its the core of Russia's elimination of the most abject poverty in our nation and our allies."
Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid, just 21-22 years old, applauds along with other state leaders and officials at the joint forum. Nicholas II was not a conventional monarch in many ways, and he was actively involved in many affairs or decisions.
The Covenant leader stepped off the podium and the discussions continued, with numerous projects and statistics presented.
The region was difficult for various reasons such as geography and demography, so the forum had to be careful and detailed in many aspects.
"If you allow me, it was a good speech." The Emir Saud mentions in a room for him and Tsar Nicholas. "I have some questions though."
"It's fine." Nicholas II responds, before drinking some water. "But be slow, today I have a bit of a headache."
"Sorry for the inconvenience then." Emir Saud exclaims before the questions. "You seem concerned about some issues, such as the sovereignty or industrialization of Russia, an already very strong country. I might ask why? What are you referring to?"
"We all want to avoid problems, so it is better to learn from the failures of others and know how to learn from yourself. So it is very simple, I want to prevent bad things from happening to Russia, and for this I have to support Russia in various ways. " Tsar Nicholas II indicates simply. "Among them, avoiding loss of control and maintaining Russian leadership on various issues."
"...I see." Emir Saud seems to understand.
"Yes. Once a general told me, 'It's not bad to be liberal, but you don't have to be stupid.'" Nicholas II mentions with a small laugh. "I usually rule through a strong stance in politics and a soft hand in economics, with a strong state and a good bureaucracy... I remember where I come from, and I know where I want to go." Nicholas II exclaims, almost poetically.
"You are the ones who can't live without it.
You know, we come from the desert, and our ancestors lived on dates and milk and we can easily go back and live like that again. "
-Emir Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid in 1973, the Emir with the spine of steel, during the twilight of his life.
The evolution of economic theory and thought is complicated, varying in different periods, personalities, experiences and countries.
For a long time, liberal thinkers and their capitalist-minded descendants thought that a 'free market' is synonymous with 'free people'. The freer the market, the freer people are.
If an economy is liberal, authoritarian-totalitarianism is impossible, since the development of the middle class would topple any tyrannical government.
But of course no theory is perfect, to believe that would be dogmatism.
Countries developed their productive forces and developed 'liberal' or free market, pseudo-capitalist economies, without abandoning fundamental political concepts (ideology).
Maintaining political control, while developing notable economic forces.
Policies that in turn fed these countries in various ways, which contradicted what their enemies or thinkers might think.
An example is the Russia of Tsar Nicholas II and the Emirate of Ha'il, among other countries.
But we will focus on the case study of Russia and the Emirate of Ha'il, since they are similar countries.
What?:
* Both countries are autocratic monarchies, with concessions to regions or segments of the population, but still with a powerful monarch.
* There is a strong religious-national-cultural component, the Emirate of Ha'il supported pan-Arabism (the Arab people) and Islam, while Russia relied primarily on the Russian Orthodox Church and the Russians (Slavs and others).
* They are countries with tendencies to 'strong men' in politics, be it the Czars, the Premieres or Prime Ministers.
* States and cultures with notable military components.
In short, countries that despite having contradictory tendencies, would be dictatorships for the majority of foreigners, and even so the population itself supports said regime, not necessarily because the state has a monopoly on force.
But for a variety of other reasons, such as the aforementioned influence of culture, political tradition and religion.
And of course, the economy.
These countries manage to maintain an iron fist, through a silk glove.
A glove of silk spun through positive and well thought out policies for citizens, be it social or economic policies.
In essence, these states made it possible for the state and its loyal population, not private finance capital, to move most of the nation.
State capitalism, where central-state organizations or citizen groups play an important role in the economy, while there is still free competition in various sectors.
Industrialization and the national economy are defended, where these large countries strongly influence a regional bloc.
Russia with its Russoshere (the Covenant), The Emirate of Ha'il in the Muslim-Arab world, and other examples exist.
*******
[Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Romanov]
May 4, 1920, Grand Duchess Maria and Grand Duke Cyril, sons of Tsar Nicholas II, visit with their uncle Alexander Alexandrovich (another son of Tsar Alexander III) the Kingdom of Romania, led by King Ferdinand I.
Romania was successfully going through its reconstruction phase, although they were aligned with the Russosphere, the truth is that national pride was still hurt due to the humiliating territorial losses of the country against Bulgaria, Russia, Serbia and Hungary.
And this period of Romanian history, consequently, was complicated.
The industrial economy had advanced favorably, but thousands of peasants had died, damaging the demographics of Romania and its surroundings.
And in this, King Ferdinand I had established a relatively successful, cult of personality within the kingdom.
It is true that he was not the best king in Romanian history, but even so there was a certain level of monarch worship in the country.
And the purges of dangerous-dictator elements under the leadership of the Romanian services and the Russian KGB had been brutal, but successful.
But the complications of Romania were not the problems of Grand Duke Cyril and Grand Duchess Maria.
Officially the reason for the visit was that Alexander Alexandrovich and his wife, Princess Maria of Romania (Maria von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) and children, were visiting Maria's native land.
Like so many other times, since she was very nostalgic for her land when she was away for a long time.
There was also another more subtle goal, Maria wanted to examine the potential of the ideas supported by her uncle, a marriage between her and Prince Nicholas.
It is true that royal marriages no longer mattered so much on international diplomatic grounds, but it was still nice to have some.
It signified status and could help in various circumstances, if a suitable partner was chosen.
Nicholas proved more interested in the navy than politics ... he was pretty good as a front man.
Carol of Romania, the crown prince (for the moment) was too wild for Maria's liking, and he didn't see Maria as a potential mate, but at least she wasn't as rigid as most women in the European aristocracy.
Because of this (this ambition that made Maria of Russia different) Carol, Cyril and Maria of Russia got along relatively well.
In the process, Cyril met Princess Maria of Romania, another daughter of Ferdinand I and younger sister of Carol and Nicholas (only a couple of years older than Cyril).
Maria of Russia then soon supported the plan for greater ... relations, between Russia and Romania, with the idea of a wedding between her and Prince Nicholas, and Cyril with Maria of Romania.
Of course it would take a while for such a plan to manifest itself, but it was being carried out by the action of Grand Duchess Maria of Russia.
In the process, Maria encouraged the Romanian family to visit Russia after this trip.
In July, when the Romanian royal family visited, Maria's plan continued to manifest. Prince Carol and Grand Duke Mikhail were two partygoers by nature, and they got along quite well.
Their mistakes were Maria's successes.
*******
[Thailand]
June 13, 1920, on a leisure trip around southern Thailand to Aceh (Russian protectorate, partner and member of the Covenant) the Thai monarch, Vajiravudh (Rama VI) loses his life due to illness.
This represents a change of government within Thailand (Rattanakosin Kingdom, led by the Chakri dynasty).
Despite being married, Rama VI had no sons or daughters of his own (some historians decades later, in the 1970s, theorized that he was homosexual).
So the throne was to pass to a brother, another of the many sons of King Rama V.
Fortunately, there was no threat of a civil war.
The successor would be the son of King Rama V and his number 1 wife, Princess Saovabha Phongsri, a direct younger brother of Rama VI (shared mother and father), Chakrabongse Bhuvanath.
Prince Chakrabongse Bhuvanath (37 years old) was the favorite heir, and one of the favorite sons of old King Rama V, as well as a Thai army marshal well-liked among the troops.
Russia and other Covenant countries soon recognized 'Rama VII' as the new monarch of Thailand / Siam, who soon made numerous rounds around the Russosphere countries.
The monarch was much more focused than his older brother.
Chakrabongse Bhuvanath and his brother (Prince Purachatra), commander of the army engineers, were instrumental in the joint Russian-Thai efforts for the modernization of Thai troops and training of the Thai air force.
With the need to defend the Thai Channel and the creation of the unified Covenant command, this work needed to continue and be further enhanced.
Chakrabongse Bhuvanath of course was not perfect, and he had certain civil-political scandals because of his recklessness, but he knew how to leave economic affairs to the right people and he knew how to direct military affairs.
Which was good for this leg of Thailand.
The country was going through a new and important modernization, in the future, it would be ready to use its weight more adequately in the region.
Chakrabongse_Bhuvanadh.jpg
A young Rama VII.
*******
[International]
April 1, the struggle between socialists and conservative-liberals in New York intensifies, many socialists are expelled from political positions or cases of civil violence with political motives increase considerably.
April 2, after the creation of the Covenant of Nations (which is in essence, the club of countries within the sphere of political-economic and military influence of the Russian Empire) the socialist countries of Europe advance considerably in their own projects.
The Ruhr Valley Pact (also know as Ruhr Valley Treaty) is signed and ratified (the Pact was made in the 50-kilometer zone where the joint Franco-German armed forces operate), expanding the Zimmerwald Treaty and significantly accelerating it.
It is not as advanced as the Moscow Treaty/the Covenant of Nations, but it is a remarkable advance for the great project of the Red Europe.
The Economic Community of the Communist International is created, directed by the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (the first supranational organ, in charge of managing projects and various economic matters) and advances in the formalization of the joint armed forces of Red Europe, through the Combined Command of the Pact Armed Forces of the Zimmerwald Treaty Organization (second supra-national body).
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Emblem of the 'European Socialist Union' (which is included in various of its organs and armed forces).
The dream created by the Treaty of Zimmerwald. That it advanced with the creation of its first supra-national organs in economic and military matters
... Although of course, there were still numerous political-judicial issues to resolve.
It is true that Red Europe and the Russian Empire agreed to cooperate to impose themselves against the British Empire and its ideology, but once there was no common enemy, each bloc would be on its own.
And the Covenant was terrifying, outnumbering, geographic space, and resources by numerous blocks at the time.
April 3, the 'Group of Petrograd' is unofficially created, due to the association of Grigory Zinoviev and Eino Abramovich Rahja.
Group that later is the basis for future events.
The association is that both Zinoviev and Rahja were defeated by the Stalinist wings of their parties, the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Stalinist wing led by IV Stalin) and SDP (Social Democratic Party of Finland, Stalinist wing led by Kullervo Achiller Manner ).
Unlike Trotsky, who founded his own party to oppose Stalin, Zinoviev and Rahja tried to be the opposition within the RSDLP-SDP, and regain importance within the parties (not outside them).
April 4, notable advances in the Economic Community of the Communist International of the European Socialist Union, once the first passports and facilities for common markets and movements of people-goods were launched.
The West German / Free Republic of Germany economy in particular saw a significant economic boom in its industrial production.
On the other hand, the People's Republic of France advances in its re-population projects through new social policies for family members, taking advantage of its new economic pacts with Red Germany, Italy, Iberia and others.
Major clash in Palestine. There are protests and violent clashes over three days between Palestinian Arabs of left-secular or liberal leaning and the authorities of the Emirate of Ha'il (supported by local pan-Arab groups and some conservative-rightists).
Palestinian Arab opponents are partly upset by its lack of leadership in Palestinian affairs, compared to the autonomies of other Arabs within the Emirate (Egypt, Central Arabia or Jordan in particular). And Ha'il for the moment, cannot afford to continue giving ground to minorities.
The government's violent response by sending troops does not help solve social problems (and will have consequences in the future), but for the moment, it works to stop physical protests.
General strike in the Kingdom of Denmark, tensions between political factions of different groups in Denmark are intensifying.
April 5, a strike in Chicago as railroad yard workers (not authorized by their labor union) put 50,000 related laborers out of work, this basically tied Chicago's 25 railway lines.
Later the strike spread to the rest of the United States during the week.
The Ford administration, in its last months before the 1920 election, is looking for ways to paralyze the action of trade unionists before they continue to 'create problems' (especially for the national economy).
However it does not work too much, as mentioned, the US elections were close and there were many other issues to attend to with little time.
April 6, great military march of the Franco-German forces in the Ruhr Valley, soon forces from other socialist countries accompany the event.
In the event, the first Supreme Commander of the Combined Command of the Pact Armed Forces Zimmerwald Treaty Organization is democratically decided, that is, the first commander of the armed forces of the united Red Europe.
The result of the votes obviously reveals the 'competition' between the People's Republic of France and the Free Republic of Germany, as the two largest countries in the bloc (and therefore, the largest countries that have the possibility of achieving supremacy in said bloc ).
Finally, the People's Republic of France wins, whose defense minister becomes the first Supreme Commander of the Combined Command.
April 7, expansion of British projects in North Africa.
The Imperial Federation expands the old French infrastructure (used to extract resources from Africa to the Mediterranean) for its new economic-military purposes.
Through this, the Mediterranean part of Africa controlled by the British becomes an important platform for future plans (attack against southern parts of Europe, such as Iberia).
April 8, King-Emperor Edward VIII visits Hawai'i, becoming the first British king (and first member of British royalty) to surf.
April 9, New York City becomes the last American metropolis to experience the effects of railroad strikes across the nation.
The next morning the city's subway is also cut off by the strike.
The candidates are decided for the next presidential elections of the United States:
* Naturally, the National Republican Party elects Henry Ford as a candidate for a second term.
* James Middleton Cox runs as the Democratic Party presidential candidate, with Herbert Clark Hoover as the vice presidential candidate.
* The S-CPUSA elects Eugene V. Debs and Seymour "Stedy" Stedman as candidates for President and Vice President of the United States. Debs' fifth attempt.
Other lesser candidates included for example Robert M. La Follete with his 'Progressive Party', but he could not get very far from some states.
April 10, the Ford administration makes plans to annex Sonora and Baja California (part of the United Mexican States) in case its Mexican puppet rebels against them or is successfully invaded by Mexican socialists (Free Republic of Mexico).
April 11, in Columbus, Ohio (United States) the "national war against the big lotteries" opens, when the police arrest representatives of foreign companies that were printing-selling lottery tickets in the United States.
The illegal companies identified were the Honduras lottery, the Second Mexican Empire lottery (Cuba), the Canadian Metropolitan lottery (Imperial Federation) and the Alyáska lottery (Russian Empire).
April 13, the war in Afghanistan intensifies after the British took Kabul and advanced north.
The occupation had no clear purpose other than to prevent the Afghan attack on the British Raj and perhaps attack Indian rebels, but it is getting more complicated than that.
Some extremist Muslim leaders in the region proclaim a jihad against the British, seeking support from other Muslim groups around the world.
It must be borne in mind that the conflict is not only Afghans against British, but also Afghans against Afghans, on tribal and ideological lines.
April 15, tensions between Italian-Americans and other 'white' citizens of the United States increase considerably, due to the increase in problems between liberal-conservatives with socialists and immigrants 'related' to socialist countries (such as the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy).
April 16, death of Theodore N. Vail, American businessman who was the first president of the monopoly American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).
In his honor, on April 18, AT & T company telephones were cut from 11:00 to 11:01 am, leaving 12 million people without telephone service for a brief moment.
April 20, 55 people die in the Mississippi Delta during the Hippo Wars.
April 21, Chiang Kai-shek visits the northern states of China (Russosphere), attempting his first operation to return to southern China (Republic of China).
The operation ends in failure, with few material results.
In the south, however, the situation is not improving, the division in the region is palpable and the fight between cliques continues.
April 24, the Covenant of Nations creates the General-Commission for Oil and Gas Exports, the first international body dedicated to coordinating-unifying oil policies of its member countries.
From this, the Covenant and its companies effectively take control of the important management of oil and gas in their member countries.
During this time the Covenant effectively became the largest oil producing bloc in the world.
April 25, the first Palestinian-Jewish secret societies are created (a common cause of Palestinian Arab leftists and Palestinian Jews in opposition to the Ha'il emirate).
Interchurch World Movement (a partnership of various Protestant Christian denominations in the United States) announces the initiation of a plan to raise '$ 336,777,572' within just 8 days.
After a Presbyterian denomination and a Baptist denomination dropped out, the leadership of the Interchurch Movement soon abandoned the billion dollar campaign for June 28-July 8.
April 26, between the American astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber D. Curtis initiates 'The Great Debate'.
In this debate Shapley argues that the Milky Way contains almost all the stars, nebulae and star clusters in the universe, with our Sun and solar system far from the center of this 'Great Universe-Galaxy'.
On the other hand Curtis argues that there are more than a million galaxies ("island universes") and that our Sun (and therefore our solar system) is relatively close to the center of our galaxy.
Advancement of Japanese guerrilla forces, especially in the more remote and rural regions of Japan (such as the island of Hokkaido or portions of the Ryukyu archipelago).
April 27, the Red Europe 'Council for Mutual Economic Assistance' approves the formation of markets and common policies for more than 197 products.
The member countries advance in similar labor-economic policies thanks to their planned economies and the 'Dictatorship of the proletariat'.
April 28, in a single day in the Imperial Federation 9,514 are arrested for pro-socialist opinions or against the monarchy, and about 70,000 for other crimes.
In the process the struggle between the last liberals and the last commonsense Commons of the Imperial Parliament against the Social Aristocracy and the Lords of the Imperial Parliament intensifies.
April 30, the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen is created, a single national railroad for the entirety of the Free Republic of Germany (adding together the state railway administration of all administrative divisions of West Germany / Red Germany).
This essentially becomes one of the largest projects in all of Red Europe, with a remarkable expanding and unified civil-commercial public transport.
The Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen later became the base for Germany's high-speed rail, many decades later.
May 1, great celebration in Paris, capital of the People's Republic of France.
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French people march in May 1.
President Jules Guesde gives a speech in which he proclaims an important victory for French socialism due to the construction of the supranational organizations of Red Europe (a breakthrough in defending the socialist experiment against international enemies).
And the successes of the revolution against revisionism, internal problems and other issues.
The cultural French revolution in France is considered a success by the Guesde administration.
May 2, creation of the British Empire Steel Corporation (BESCO) that becomes a gigantic monopoly of coal, iron and steel production within the Imperial Federation.
Said corporation is run by a mix of big capitalists or private finance personalities, and the British conservative-nationalist state.
BESCO is a future inspiration for developments in other parts of the Imperial Federation and the world.
May 4, the cult of personality in the Imperial Federation is reinforced thanks to measures of the Social Aristocracy and the armed forces in favor of Edward VIII.
This cult of personality is similar to the one that exists in imperial Russia towards the tsars or other European monarchs (this cult has been increasing in Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania).
May 7, President Porfirio Diaz's grand tour of various parts of the Free Republic of Mexzico, observing progress in state policies in the reconstruction of the Mexican state.
A special emphasis is placed on modernization and advances in the quality of life that must be carried out in the south, traditionally very agricultural and underdeveloped.
Thanks to money from key industries or assets such as the Tehuantepec Canal, the Free Republic of Mexico has had notable successes in improving its transportation, communications, and energy industry.
May 10, democratic elections abolished in Japan by the Imperial Japanese Navy due to prompt security measures and other advances by the armed forces under state domination.
Partly due to the crises suffered by Japan at the time, such as socialist guerrillas in portions of the rural environment, liberal opposition, problems between the navy and the army, the weakness of the Emperor, etc.
May 13, a major victory for Henry Ford's National Republican Party congressmen, establishes that Congress now exercises control over the printing of all government publications.
The measure had been included in an appropriations bill to fund the government for the 1921 fiscal year that would start on July 1. The National Republican Party's proposal effectively gives Congress control over printing and "all government mimeographing, multigraphing and other duplication processes , other than official correspondence and office records, including press releases ".
Attempts to go against this new measure resulted in losing votes. Critics point out how this is an example of remarkably bad governance, because it weakens the separation of powers by getting Congress into executive branch affairs and increasing Congress's power of censorship.
(OOC: OTL, Wilson vetoed this measure and it was not override)
May 16, Joan of Arc is canonized by the Roman Catholic Church, some 500 years after her death.
140 descendants of the family and thousands of other believers visit the Vatican with this canonization.
In the People's Republic of France the reaction is publicly negative, although privately some believers will be happier than others.
Szmul Rzeszewski makes it into the news in the Russian Empire, when he, at age 8, defeats 20 professional chess players (some of the best players in Warsaw), at the Congress of Poland.
May 19, the fight between union miners and American companies intensifies in West Virginia.
As a result of the increased fighting between Labor-Socialists and companies or even the state, the basis for one of the largest uprisings in American history in 1921 was laid.
May 20, the first entertainment broadcasting in the Imperial Federation occurs in the member state of Canada.
May 22, the newspaper of the National Republican Party of the United States, The Dearborn Independent, officially becomes one of the 10 best-selling newspapers in the country during this date.
Famous and infamous at the same time, especially when the article "The International Jew: The World's Problem" is published.
Mostly an article derived from the book "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" but rewritten and Americanized for the American audience.
Ultra-right radicalism in the National Republican Party increases as a result, in addition to anti-Semitism in parts of the civilian population.
The struggle between the left (socialists) and the right (National-Republican Party) also intensifies in a period so close to the elections.
Democrats on the other hand, are not concerned about "The International Jew" and some even support the Fordist position
May 23, President Jules Guesde survives a notable accident.
Guesde fell out of the window of the railroad car that was taking him to Paris after an official visit to another French city.
The presidential train had passed through Montargis in the Loiret department, when the president was awakened by a draft from an open window next to his bed (through which the president fell).
Fortunately the train had slowed to half its normal speed of 75 kilometers per hour (47 mph) as it approached a branch line, and the president was lucky enough to land on a sandy road bed, preventing his death. The president in pajamas had to walk to the town of Lorcy.
Guesde would die in 1922, with this as his closest post-revolution / civil war death experience.
May 23, the Communist Party of Indonesia (supported by Henk Sneevliet) succeeds in creating the Militant Communist Union of Asia.
Through this militant group, the PKI strives to help the socialist movements (of revolutionary and anti-imperialist and anti-colonial tendencies) in the rest of Asia, especially in Southeast Asia, the Pacific and East Asia (Republic of China ).
May 26, King Edward VIII made an important tour of the territories of the Imperial Federation, where he began to gather political support in various states of the federation against the Commons and other opponents.
May 30, numerous attacks on American Jews occur in Philadelphia.
June 4, the authority of the President of the United States to remove persons in the Executive Branch of the American government is maintained after Henry Ford vetoed the federal budget for fiscal year 1921 (which included an amendment to interfere in said presidential power) .
June 6, 60 old members of the SPD (German Social Democratic Party) are imprisoned in the Free Republic of Germany for their opposition to communism.
At the same time 61 leftists are shot or imprisoned in the Prussian Republic of Germany (anti-communist and reactionary).
June 7, the KKK and the Silver Legion (among other right-wing militant groups, generally associated with the National Republicans) launch a national campaign to increase their membership throughout the United States.
They are especially successful in Republican and Democratic states (except Louisiana), but not so successful in those states with large numbers of support for the S-CPUSA.
June 9, Leopold Skulski becomes 'vice-president' of the Polish government in exile, led by Edward Rydz-Śmigły (who also serves as marshal of said exiled Polish 'government').
June 11, in Austria, numerous 'social democrat' elements are purged from the local communist party, which had revisionist and counter-revolutionary tendencies (in the opinion of the National United Front of the Free Republic of Germany).
Before, Social Democrat, Socialist and Communist were similar terms, but for some time this is changing (partly because of Antonio Gramsci's theory and the struggle between hard-liners and moderates in the socialist world).
The Social Democrats are seen as 'moderate' or 'reformists', soft and who participate in electoralism, more in 'taming' capitalism than ending it. On the other hand, a communist in Red Europe is of a more revolutionary tendency.
There are more differences of course, but this is in its infancy.
Only in some countries like Russia did things remain 'similar'.
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was a still the 'socialist-communist' party, but as always, it was with Russian characteristics.
And for most of Europe, Russia, even being a open country, was a very strange thing.
June 13, death of the King of Siam / Thailand, Vajiravudh (Rama VI) after a trip to southern Thailand caused him to contract a disease.
Let us remember that the king had lost a lot of power after reforms, and was spending his time and money rather on personal or charitable projects, such as palaces or schools.
After this the throne passes to the brother preferred by Rama VI (Rama VI had no sons or daughters to inherit it), the Thai prince and marshal Chakrabongse Bhuvanath, son of Chulalongkorn (Rama V) and Sri Bajarindra.
With this, Chakrabongse Bhuvanath becomes Rama VII.
Rama VII was a much more focused and helpful monara, loved in the military and vital to numerous reforms in the Thai air force (among others).
The presumed heir is Chula Chakrabongse, only child of Rama VII and his ex-wife, Ekaterina Desnitskaya (of Ukrainian origin).
Although there are also brothers of King Rama VII, in case something happens or the law changes.
(OOC: There is no inheritance law of 1924 ITL, so in theory Chula Chakrabongse could inherit even if his mother is a foreigner.)
June 14, King-Emperor Edward VIII gathers considerable support within the governors and military of Australia, Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand.
His base in the Home Islands is already solid, he just has to wait for the moment.
June 16, President Costantino Lazzari's health continues to deteriorate severely.
June 18, 330 Libyans trained by Italian socialist forces land in Libya to support the anti-colonial and anti-monarchical efforts of the natives in the region.
June 22, electric bread toasters ("automatic bread ejector toaster," for the time a remarkable invention) and coffee makers became popular household appliances around this time.
Especially in the developed world, Russia, the United States, the Imperial Federation, and parts of Red Europe.
June 24, as a result of the cultural revolution in the Turkish Socialist Republic, the Turkish cities in the region take 'more appropriate' names.
With reference to heroes of Turkish socialism or similar.
June 30, the month of June closes positively for the Ford administration, where the US Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that the price index for consumer goods and services fell 23.7%, increasing the purchasing power of the US citizen.
This excellent economic situation after the Great Depression is one of the successes of the Ford administration, of which they glorify.
Of course, the Dust Bowl and other issues are coming up (but people don't know it at this time), the important thing is that the economy is a strong argument for the National Republican Party in the 1920 election.
*******
[Perspectives]
[Thành (Ho)]
Vietnam since the Franco-Prussian War on Luxembourg, had been a colony-protectorate of the German Empire.
Which had only ended with the dissolution of the German Empire and WW2 (which brought the socialist revolution to Germany). Now Vietnam was in Japanese hands, but that was not the important thing at that time.
The point is that until 1916, there were a number of Vietnamese in Germany (not citizens, since they were not white, but subjects of German Indochina).
And between 1917 and 1919, a Vietnamese had ended up in the Free Republic of Germany after a boat trip through French or British ships.
The young man went under the name of Thành (Ho), becoming an increasingly important member among the Vietnamese community in Red Germany and the nationalist movement for independence from foreign powers.
Not only that, but Thành became a symbol of the leftist movement.
This, and Thành's writing in a local newspaper, attracted the attention of the communist authorities of the Free Republic of Germany and the People's Republic of France.
By 1923, Thành, who was born Nguyễn Sinh Cung, studied at the Communist University to become one of the notable Communist leaders of Asia.
He joining the efforts of the Militant Communist Union of Asia and the PKI, among other socialist parties in Asia, supporting the founding of the Vietnamese communist movement, etc.
1920 is in a sense, the beginning of Hồ Chí Minh.
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