章 161: And some lights die (October-December, 1900)
Diplomacy : Boxer protocols]
It is October 11 when Russian troops escort the viceroy of Zhili and governor-general of Liangguang, Guangxi, Li Hongzhang, to Beijing for the peace discussions between Qing (de-facto led by Empress Dowager Cixi) and the powers of the intervention.
The first person Li Hongzhang meets is the Russian representative in diplomatic negotiations in the Qing dynasty, Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers.
After some gifts and courtesies the two men speak.
"If you are interested, Tsar Alexander III offers you a diplomatic tour of Russia, thanks to your efforts for peace." Mikhail von Giers exclaims.
"It would be an honor if I have the time and health to do so. But we have to be careful, there are still many members in the court who propose to continue the war due to Russia's territorial demands in North China." Li Hongzhang replies and exclaims with concern.
"True, but Qing does not have a very reliable army after the last wars against foreign enemies, and regarding Russian interests we speak of underdeveloped territories, they are more a burden than a utility for Qing. Especially counting that most of the south Chinese has remained intact sir. " Mikhail insists.
While obviously Li Hongzhang was not a traitor (although he had his bribery scandals on occasion), he had openly opposed the Boxers, and along with other viceroys of Southeast China had managed to oppose the orders of the central government (controlling the telegraph system and proclaiming that in reality the war edict against intervention was false, avoiding involving the troops from Southeast China).
Many other Han members of the government opposed the Manchu court.
This created common ground between the Russians (and other powers), and Li Hongzhang, Qing's top diplomat regarding these peace negotiations.
The Russians had no interest in Inner Mongolia or Zhili (or at least for the time being, as the Qing could understand), they were going through northwest China, the regions of Xinjiang (or East Turkestan), Tuva and Outer Mongolia.
Mostly a desert, mountainous or steppe territory, little developed and populated by the central government of the Qing dynasty.
The problem was obviously that the Russians were not the only ones asking for territory, Lord Curzon, viceroy of India, through Ernest Mason Satow (British representative in the negotiations) asked for the official independence of the vassal Tibet to establish a position against the advance Russian.
The Germans (represented by Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein) and French (represented by Paul Beau) demanded some concessions in northern China, or even the annexation of Yunnan to German Indochina.
The most reactionary members of the Qing imperial court proposed to move the capital to the city of Xi'an and continue the fight.
But Li Hongzhang and the main viceroys of southeast China understood that the Qing armies were unprepared and unreliable, in addition to fear of the possibility of new rebellions like the one that the Revive China Society started on October 6 (yes, not the biggest rebellion in the world, but it could be the start of something bigger) and in general the power of regionalism (the viceroys, usually of the Han ethnic group) had shown that they could surpass the central government.
This loss of national pride and prestige, in addition to the interests of personalities more powerful than the Manchu court, meant that the war would not be resumed. Even if foreigners asked for some border territories (mostly non-Han).
In the midst of this Mikhail von Giers, similar to his father before him (who was secretary of Asian affairs for the Russian state), was respectful not only with Viceroy Li Hongzhan, but also with other members of the "Mutual Protection of Southeast China ".
Xu Yingkui (Viceroy of Min-Zhe), Liu Kunyi (viceroy of Liangjiang), Zhang Zhidong (viceroy of Huguang) and Yuan Shikai (provincial governor of Shandong).
Most European diplomats did not understand this rapprochement and good treatment between Chinese and Russian officials in the middle of the negotiations right after the intervention, but it is precisely this treatment that had defined Russian diplomatic behavior for years ago.
Treat Asian states with respect.
At the end, Russia and China were neighbors and both states had to live with it.
Above all, it was good to treat these important officials with respect with the apparent decline in constant disgrace of the Qing dynasty, and Tsar Alexander III understood that they and their policies (or some of them at least) could be important in the future to relate to the Russian authorities.
*******
Secretly on October 16, Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein, Mikhail von Giers, Paul Beau, Komura Jutarō (Japanese representative in the negotiations in China) and Ernest Mason Satow signed the Yangtze Agreement.
The agreement affirms China's division into spheres of influence or spheres of special interests, after the Boxer protocol negotiations.
Russia obtains its wishes in northern China, the United Kingdom would obtain Tibet and various parts of the Yangtze, and Germany reaffirms its interests in Yunnan.
Germany, Japan and France would also obtain certain commercial concessions, mainly in regards to obtaining more money from Chinese war reparations.
On November 9, Admiral Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev gets various military generals from northern China (conquered territories) to begin diplomatically transferring properties of the Chinese government to Russia, establishing the Russian position in the negotiations regarding the Boxer rebellion.
December 24, the main conditions of the powers of international intervention in China are presented in Beijing.
In the following days, Chinese officials continue to negotiate with foreign powers, and various parties guilty of serious crimes (murder of diplomats, supporting or promoting the Boxers, etc.) are executed as part of the diplomatic commitment.
*******
[Health and dynasty]
On November 1, laws for water sanitation were implemented, managing to clean various parts of Russia from cases of typhoid fever.
Meanwhile, on November 11, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, son of Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich turns 4 years old.
An event celebrated by the city of Saint Petersburg and authorities, and obviously by the royal family. Tsar Alexander III granted his grandson the rank of captain in the Russian imperial army, as was the tradition of the Romanov family.
"Some insist on the need for a reform in the laws of succession. Allow women to inherit the throne." Minister Sergei Witte reports on the birthday of the young Grand Duke Nicholas, accompanied by Grand Duke Alexander and Michael Alexandrovich (the birthday boy's uncles).
"How scandalous." Michael exclaims, actually quite calmed by the prospect. The line of succession was quite controlled, the Tsesarevich Nicholas already had two children, and if not, there was the Grand Duke Alexander and Michael himself, among many other cousins.
"Mmmm ... Better for a woman to inherit the throne than a fool. But I'm not going to change the laws of succession now." Alexander III responds nonchalantly.
"The only thing that I have changed has been some of my companies, after my death some will go for Nicholas, some for the state and some for Michael."
-Small notes from Tsar Alexander III.
*******
In December, Princess Elena of Montenegro becomes pregnant once again (third child of the couple of Elena and Tsesarevich Nicholas).
*******
[Diplomacy:Russia in the Army/Navy of the New US Government]
Between mid and late November, the US government has a meeting with Russian authorities.
"You see, the US government is interested in certain ... upgrades of its military capabilities. We are talking about naval guns, submarines, and some of the military's technical capabilities." Vice President Elihu Root explains to Arthur Paul (Pavlovich) Nicholas Cassini, Russian ambassador to the United States.
"I see, but you see, let's talk more specifically about the price. The world economic situation is not the best and this sudden request could cause problems with the government quarantine measures." Cassini responds promptly.
Elihu Root was looking for an upgrade and modernization of the military from his position as vice president, of course he had certain budget limitations imposed by McKinley, but Root still had a few million dollars to negotiate.
Root, who had worked primarily as a lawyer, sought a reform of the war department, and to transform the army from a motley collection of small border posts and coastal defense units into a modern military machine with a modern General Staff.
Of course not free from his own problems, Root had relationships with large corporations and actors as powerful as Andrew Carnegie from his time as his lawyer, opposed women's suffrage, and pursued a more assertive foreign policy. But that's another issue, and issues that wouldn't be noticed until later in Root's career.
On December 19, the commission of the Ministry of War and the Russian General Staff, led by General Mikhail Skobelev with the approval of Tsar Alexander III, accepted the American offer.
40 naval guns for battleships and other types of ships, the first submarines for the US Navy (costing just over $ 150,000 each), among other assorted military equipment, would be produced in Russia for US forces.
The successful negotiations not only brought some money to Russia amid contractions in international trade (it helped that Russia and the United States were one of the few economies in some kind of good shape) but also earned Elihu Root a good first impression in the United States. Especially regarding diplomatic matters.
Among all this, Siam (Russian protectorate) and various members of Russia, offer between elephants and camels to the United States.
*******
[Diplomacy: Russia, France and Italy]
Russia of course still maintained its African policy (various arrows towards its colonies or areas of influence), this meant that Russia had interests involved in the Paris discussions for the Fashoda resolution.
Especially when the colonies and areas of influence of it were practically surrounded by France or the British Empire, a situation similar to the Kingdom of Italy in exile, the Kongo or the German colonies.
In the midst of all this however, one of Russia's interests was the defense of Ethiopia, for various reasons, the Orthodox brotherhood, the political alliances between the two states and the Russian investments in the region of course.
With this objective, on December 13, Russia and France reached an agreement for France (with its colonies to the north of Ethiopia) to recognize and respect the current borders of the Ethiopian Empire, also called Abyssinia.
Not exactly the sovereignty of Abyssinia (since it was obvious that Russia had interests and influence in the region), but if at least the borders between those interests,
France could hold Eritrea, Suez, and (almost) all the territories she conquered-colonized before and during Fashoda, but Ethiopia was simply off limits.
This deal between the Second French Empire and the Russian Empire was also part of the small thaw between the Great Powers of Europe, with the fall of the Generalissimo and the end of the Fashoda war, it seemed that there were new beginnings and situations.
Because of this, Ouverture France and Russia had this little rapprochement, a good coexistence between colonial neighbors.
But do not exaggerate, it was not too much, just colonial business during a new French government more reliable than the previous one.
There were still many problems and other matters to attend to.
*******
Shortly after, on December 16, came the first interactions between Alexandrian Russia and the socialist states, more specifically with the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy.
The FSR of Italy was the victim of foreign political-military and economic pressure.
Croatia and Slovenia (essentially German colonies now) had conquered the territories won against Austria-Hungary and German forces had occupied South Tyrol.
And Britain and France imposed trade limitations that severely damaged Italy, most of which after the civil war lacked a large military or commercial navy. The only partner that existed was Iberia / Hispania.
But that would not help much, there were beginning to be problems with food and agriculture, especially in southern Italy.
Famines and food shortages, causing the death of many Italian citizens in the south of the federation, and generally without outside help (members of the Catholic Church in the Vatican would also refuse to help).
The goverment of Costantino Lazzari was looking for an answer to this, the land of old landowners was already being divided, but there was no equipment, much national production or educational capacities to revolutionize Italian agriculture.
It is therefore surprising that the FSR of Italy, which followed a socialist doctrine, decided to approach the Russian Empire (on a completely different spectrum of politics and economics).
The Italians offered gold reserves and various objects captured from the old nobility in exchange for agricultural equipment and help in some of the Italian industries (mining, metallurgy and some industrial production).
This approach is partly based on the fact that before and during the Fashoda war, Russia was the largest exporter of agricultural products and agricultural equipment (such as tractors) to Europe.
Although the socialist government did not want to adopt many market reforms (they were de-facto isolated), they could still take advantage of certain deals with a foreign power like Russia.
And the Alexandrian government agreed to start carrying out the desired transactions, in secret of course.
(OOC: Think in how the USSR used foreign help to construct itself. Ford technology and some American guy to build the gold extraction sector).
"Some might question why someone who practices capitalism and imperialism like me, decides to do business with the socialists.
Very simple, I don't like people starving.
If he did nothing, famines and food shortages in southern Italy would continue to expand. If I can do something to prevent those terrible incidents, as I did in Ethiopia, I will.
Even if it means helping the socialists in Italy. By themselves, they cannot compete with Russian power. "
-Alexander III.
Of course, even with the response from Lazzari (and other parts of the Italian government) and associates, there were still deaths. Certain villages disappeared and cities had repeated problems with lack of food.
The agricultural problems were the result of the mobilization of the rural population fighting against the former Kingdom of Italy, foreign pressure and technical backwardness (poverty, lack of technology, etc.) that existed in Italian agriculture before the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy was established.
*******
[International]
October 1, 25-year-old Winston Churchill begins a political career within the circles of the Social Aristocrats in the UK.
On October 2, Prince Albert, nephew of the old King Leopold II of Belgium, marries Duchess Elisabeth of Bavaria in the German city of Munich.
Leopold II, king dethroned of Belgium by the German-French invasion of the country, has (at least according to the laws of the extinct Belgium) the right to choose his successor, and for revenge against his nephew by marrying a German woman, he chooses to Prince Emmanuel of Orléans, Duke of Vendôme, as successor (valid due to Emmanuel's marriage to Princess Henriette of Belgium, sister of the aforementioned Prince Albert).
This to annoy the Germans, Prince Albert and the French Bonapartists. Of course, no one other than the Belgian branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha has to acknowledge this.
On October 5, the president of Venezuela, Cipriano Castro, repeals a decree of 1883, allowing the free movement of all nations along the Orinoco River.
The Orinoco Steamship Company, which had exclusive rights, is suing President Castro for this. In the end the Venezuelan government wins.
On October 6, the Orange Free State and the South African Republic sign a treaty to begin to unite as a single Boer state during diplomatic talks in Paris.
A resolution accepted by Germany, Russia and France, and even the United Kingdom, although between negotiations to allow such a union, the Boers lose certain territories (which go to the British colonies).
The same day in Qing a revolution broke out in Huizhou, Guangdong, product of a request from Sun Yat-sen to the Hsing Chung Hui (Revive China Society or also called Xingzhonghui).
Hundreds of men, led by Zheng Shilian, start attacking government offices. The revolution spreads to Shawan and Zhenlong.
The revolutionary movement is arrested on October 23.
October 9, earthquake of magnitude 8.3 in Alyáska, without significant damage.
October 13, Mexican authorities give more funds to doctors in Cuba (generally non-national) for more in-depth experiments, to corroborate that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes.
One of the most important medical events of the year.
October 15, more than 1000 deaths from various epidemic diseases in Germany.
All doctors in Germany are beginning to receive various questionnaires to monitor the diseases (and deaths) that are occurring in the country.
On the same day the writer Mark Twain returns to the United States after 10 years of living mainly in Europe.
October 17, Bernhard von Bülow becomes Chancellor of Germany, under Kaiser Wilhelm II.
On the same day in the United States, American companies in Pennsylvania have government authorities crush various strikes by coal miners.
With this, the miners' salary does not increase particularly during these difficult economic times.
October 19, Max Planck presented to the Physical Society of Berlin, what is now called Planck's law of blackbody radiation.
On October 23, Cornelius L. Alvord, Jr becomes the greatest bank robber in the history of the United States at the time, having robbed a total of 700,000 dollars in a period of 6 years.
October 24, some polls reveal that the Social Aristocrats in the UK still have the upper hand in forming a government, but the Labor Socialists in the North of England and some parts of Ireland are starting to catch on, and the traditional liberals and conservatives are on the rebound. a bit post-Fashoda.
Unfortunately, the aforementioned conditions still give the Social Aristocrats the advantage and victory for the next elections of 1901.
November 3, the first automobile show in the United States, promoted by the Automobile Club of America. Around 7000 spectators appear with 70 national manufacturers mounting exhibitions.
November 5, the Japanese chemist Jōkichi Takamine achieves the synthesis of epinephrine (performing the first chemical synthesis of a human hormone), which he calls "adrenaline."
On November 6 (Tuesday) after years of Democratic rule (led mainly by Adlai E. Stevenson I), the Republican party wins the elections under presidential candidate William McKinley (running mate, Elihu Root), over William Jennings Bryan (partner of formula, Adlai E. Stevenson I).
On November 7, the Venezuelan government of Cipriano Castro and the Colombian government of Rafael Uribe Uribe formally adopt resolutions for a greater economic and political rapprochement between both countries.
This is in the midst of the constitutional transformation of Colombia, where Rafael Uribe Uribe and the Liberals reform the government to allow a liberal hegemony, among other fiscal and legal reforms (land reform, among other measures).
Of course, this is not easy in the midst of the economic crisis that is devastating Colombia and other Latin American agro-exporters.
November 8, Death of Sir Rajinder Singh, the Maharaja of Patiala at the young age of 28 after illness.
Reformer, polo player (the best in India at the time, according to some opinions) and student at Cambridge University, he was praised by some English contemporaries.
November 13, in the Second French Empire they block (by vote of the Senate, thanks to the majority of the conservative coalition) bills of the Ouverture.
These include greater rights for women (such as the ability to practice law), labor rights, and more general democratic measures.
In the midst of all this the Old Guard of Boulangerism / Boulangisme is divided with the death of Marie Curie and other members of the old regime in an accident during a demonstration.
Boulangisme is divided between Charles Maurras leading the authoritarian and conservative right, and Pierre Curie leading the more reformist "left".
November 16, during a propaganda parade in Breslau, accompanied by several demonstrations by workers against the government, Selma Schnapke throws an ax at Kaiser Wilhelm II's carriage.
Fortunately, no one is injured, but Schnapke is declared insane and incarcerated.
On the same day 300 US citizens die from epidemic diseases brought in from veterans of China, who in turn were infected by veterans of the Fashoda war.
November 17, in London there are more than 6000 poisonings (with 70 deaths) associated with an outbreak of alcoholic neuritis, due to the presence of arsenic in 14 (or more) local breweries.
Because the glucose factory involved in the alcohol making process used impure sulfuric acid.
This event was investigated by Dr. Ernest Reynolds and a British government commission.
November 18, engineer Herbert Hoover is interviewed in The New York Times for his presence on the Tien-Tsin site.
In Hoover's view, the United States needs a stronger foreign policy, anticipating that there are likely to be more catastrophes in China in the future (potentially problems for the US government),
November 19, some reforms in the Colombian navy and army.
Of course, the Colombian administration at the military level is not the best, but they manage to modernize some ships and their army. Of course major improvements find problems with lack of money.
November 20, a total of 30 people are killed by hippo attacks in Louisiana.
Due to this increase in deaths and the fact that the hippos got out of control in several places, the government of President William McKinley initiates the Hippo Bill Reinsurance Program.
The program aimed not only to keep the hippos on their ranches, but also to make sure that escaped hippos were eliminated or re-captured.
This marks the beginning of the popularly called "Hippo Wars", a war between Americans (from police and military to armed civilians) and the hippos. From the start, the hippos won important victories.
November 29, 13 dead and 80 wounded in one of the first battles of the Hippo Wars.
Mostly volunteers and police officers in a direct attack on a group of escaped hippos.
November 30, in the United States, a 10-man commission, presided over by Rear Admiral John G. Walker, voted for the possibility of a US channel in Nicaragua, to compete against the German-Mexican channel in Tehuantepec.
The results are eventually rejected by William McKinley.
On the same day 1,200 Philippine troops surrendered to the administration of the Imperial Japanese Navy in the north of Firipin, an achievement that the IJN will not stop highlighting to the Imperial Japanese Army.
December 3, the Supreme Court of the United States affirms the results of Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company v. Kentucky, upholding a state law requiring racial segregation even on interstate transportation.
December 4, in the Senate of the Second French Empire, General Auguste Mercier supports and raises his strategy of a possible invasion of a landing in England.
Of course this remains a secret from the public and remains in French classified documents for years to come, but it is a curious fact.
December 6, demonstrations of French-speaking citizens in Quebec are attacked by the Canadian police.
In addition to this, the Canadian government has to persecute various groups of Québec socialists who have revolutionary ideas and organize against the government.
December 7, Philippine General Emilio Verdeflor is assassinated by Japanese troops in combat.
On the same day, Nikola Tesla claims to have had communication with intelligent life from Mars.
Outside of the interest of the science fiction author-reader community in Russia, the truth is that the claim does not go too far.
On December 8, the Second French Empire establishes something comparable to a "caste system" among its African subjects, with the aim of keeping the colonial subjects in check.
In this system, some allied Africans are treated better than other Africans, more likely to rebel and are less privileged than those at the top of the ladder (those at the bottom are rather labor or less privileged, and those at the top are administrators and more privileged ).
Moroccans, various Arabs and Egyptians for example are better treated than many of the Chadian tribes.
It is a highly corrupt system but one that allows the French to set their colonial subjects against each other and continue to maintain some control.
December 10, Admiral Otto von Diederichs updates the German plans regarding a war against the United States, noting that the German navy owns more ships, tonnage and pieces of heavy artillery, than the United States. Both around the world and in the Atlantic Ocean.
December 11, the president of Liberia since 1896, William D. Coleman is forced to resign after his failures in the government (not having been able to extend the power of the government beyond the capital). Coleman is replaced by Secretary of State (and Baltimore native) Garretson W. Gibson.
December 12, the first steps of the United States Steel (U.S. Steel) begin as a monopoly of iron, coal and steel products.
This is because Charles M. Schwab proposed such an idea, attracting business tycoons J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, and John Warne Gates, among other industrialists of course.
The struggle of the capitalist economy against the large commercial conglomerates continues, and it only points to defeat.
December 14, the conventions on the laws of war are reviewed in Paris once again by the powers discussing the peace treaty on the Fashoda war.
December 15, 573 deaths in South Africa and 670 deaths in London from Fashoda diseases.
December 16, 450 new deaths in Germany from Russian Plagues.
December 21, in Havana, with the promotion of medical experimentation of the Mexican government under Maximiliano I and Porfirio Diaz, John J. Moran volunteers to become infected with yellow fever, in order to verify that the disease is transmitted by blood and not by air.
Moran was put into a room filled with infected mosquitoes and stayed for 30 minutes, resulting in Moran being bitten 7 times. Two other volunteers were nearby, separated by a mosquito screen, but they could breathe the same air as Moran.
Moran fell ill but the other two volunteers were fine, once again checking the yellow fever at work. Moran survived until 1950.
December 23, after centuries of such practice, foot binding is banned in China by decree of Empress Dowager Cixy.
On the same day, Pope Leo carries out ceremonies to close the Holy Year in St. Peter's Basilica.
It is a tense and cold situation that exists between the Italians and the Christian church, although the Italian socialists do not prohibit or persecute Catholic Christianity, there is a struggle of political-ideological interests.
December 24, copies of the daily Iskra (The Spark), Vladimir Ulyanov's pro-socialist newspaper, become popular in many cities in southern and western Germany, with some exceptions in eastern cities such as Leipzig.
This is obviously part of a promotion of the socialist cause, some members of Marxist circles in Germany are already calling for a communist rebellion.
December 27, the Senate in France grants amnesty for various crimes to former members of the Boulangist government during the Generalissimo government stage.
There are also petitions for amnesty from various socialist, liberal and republican leaders, but it is a dangerous petition from certain members of the Senate.
In addition, some members of the Conservative Senate fear the possibility of a revolution once the socialist leaders are pardoned.
December 29, in Germany the Prussian Ministry for Religious, Educational, and Medical Affairs establishes a new regulation ("revolutionary" regarding medical ethics in Germany), now in Germany it is law that "informed consent" of a patient is needed to carry out medical experiments on said patient.
Of course these ethical regulations are years behind the specifications of the Moscow Report, applied in Russia.
December 30, is published on the last Sunday of 1900 by the New York Herald, Mark Twain's "A Greeting from the 19th Century to the 20th Century", while the New York World published the article "New York as It Will Be in 1999".
*******
* Parisian perspective.
"You're going to destroy everything we worked for, Pierre!" The woman, Marie, exclaims angrily. One of the plates had blown off and hit the side of Pierre's head, leaving a bleeding wound, but still the couple had an argument.
This in response to political disagreements between the Poles and Pierre.
"What if everything we did was not so good?" Mr. Curie insists, finally raising his voice.
After this the couple, like many members of the old Boulangist guard, met in the Senate after a "productive" meeting.
Pierre and Marie were in a car, other members of the group also had cars or went on foot.
Then the Senate spokesman announced the results of the voting, and while some cars were moving forward, the Curies' car was in an accident.
During this incident (thought to be an attack by some members of the old guard), certain manifestations of public disgust also began.
Pierre had supported the reform, but others had opposed it.
Those gathered around the Parisian streets were angry.
On the one hand, members of the old Boulangist guard like Maurras were attacked by the public, with bricks and glass.
On the other hand, Marie Curie fell from her car, dying. In said incident Pierre fortunately survived.
But amid lamentations, many other individuals died, the aforementioned Marie and members of the old Boulangist party. Leaving Maurras and Curie as undisputed political leaders.
*******
* London-English perspective.
The UK was approaching new elections in 1901 as announced by Prime Minister Louis Alexander Mountbatten (and King Albert Victor).
Concerned about the chances of Liberals, Labor and Separatists to win serious victories in the home islands, the power groups of the Social Aristocracy began to pull strings, promote their rhetoric and some new faces that would attract people (mainly the " good "class of people, the white man from England and other Englishmen in Ireland, Scotland and Wales).
Some of the "Neo-Conservatives" (new faces of the new right and British government, replacing the old Conservative and Unionist Party) included for example young politicians like Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, and the opinion of intellectuals like Sir Halford John Mackinder .
One of the techniques most used to preserve or gain power by the Social Aristocrats was fear, fear of socialist revolutions (similar to what had happened in Iberia and Italy, and the Iberian revolution hit hard due to its threat to Gibraltar), fear and rejection of immigrants from Eastern Europe and even Eastern European states, in particular Russia, and resentment after Fashoda with the "backstabbing" by France (and Jews according to some people).
It also helped the relationship between the Social Aristocracy and the white economic-political leadership of many parts of the British Empire, leaders in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Rhodesia (Cecil Rhodes), South Africa and India (particular personalities like Lord Curzon).
Canadian leadership in particular played a role due to the possibility of promoting and creating an Imperial Preference (or even an Imperial Federation).
During this dark period, racist and discriminatory ideas were promoted against non-white populations, and even other Europeans considered Asians or inferior, such as many inhabitants of Eastern Europe, non-Germanics and the Balkan peoples (Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs and Bulgarians, Russians, Romanians, etc).
To understand one reason for Anglo-Saxon supremacism, we can look at India, where 3,500 European officials of the Indian Civil Service (some of the main people responsible for the administrative work of the Presidencies and provinces of British India) had power over a native population of 300 million.
"Eastern civilizations lack ethics, order and intellect, most of them are descendants of inherently dangerous, bestial and immoral people." Supports Halford John Mackinder, director of the University Extension College, one of the founders of the London School of Economics and reader in geography at the University of Oxford.
Mackinder would be one of the fathers of geopolitics, driven in part by the British foreign policy ambitions of the time, racist thoughts and his own ideas about the world geographic-political situation.
(OOC: Based on some essays I have read explaining Orientalism. It is difficult and hurts to write about racism that exists historically and that exists today. I don't particularly seek to support these narratives, but still, Social Aristocrats are pretty Nazis) .
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