章 160: Seeds are growing for the future (July-September, 1900)
Caucasus Projects]
With the post-earthquake reconstruction projects in the western Caucasus, the Alexandrian government not only rebuilt the city of Akhalkalaki and nearby towns, but also expanded and renovated a lot of infrastructure in the South Caucasus.
This as part of the reconstruction initiative, protect the border regions and in general continue to improve life in the Russian Empire.
For example, new public transport systems and rail infrastructure were built in and around Tbilisi, continuing connections in the Georgian regions of Russia.
This would also allow for more investment in greater Russian Armenia and Russian Kurdistan, in addition to more trade ties with Russian allies in the Middle East (who had little choice but to trade with Russia due to international trade contractions and epidemics across Europe and elsewhere. places).
Among projects outside Georgia, in Russian Azerbaijan, the security measures of the oil industry were renewed, both to avoid accidents that would harm workers, and accidents that will harm the environment.
With the renovations also came some fiscal reforms that temporarily increased internal reinvestment in the South Caucasus regions.
Although oil was still not as important as in modern times, the oil industry in Baku continued to make a huge leap with the creation of more than 97 new oil stations and pipelines, mostly by the hands of Russian private industry.
In total, more than 8000 tons of refined oil were produced in Baku, Russia. A sum that kept going up.
*******
* Perspective of Mammad Amin Akhund Haji Molla Alakbar oglu Rasulzade.
"I don't understand, why buy a car if you have public transportation." Mamed Emin Rasulzade, a 16-year-old from the secular schools of Baku, questions along with his friends Mirgasan Movsumov and Mamed Hasan Hajinsky.
"It seems to be more a matter of comfort and prestige, the transport system in St. Petersburg is even better than Baku's, but still there are many people with their own car." Hajinsky, much older and having studied in St. Petersburg (although he would graduate in 1902), explains to the youngest of the group.
Young Rasulzade was still not entirely convinced, but it was a minor topic of discussion within the many educated Azeris now living in Baku.
Rasulzade was born in the present city of Novkhani, near Baku, he grew up with a very religious father, but who sent him to secular Russian-Muslim schools in Baku.
Where now young people could pursue more technical and advanced careers than older people in ancient times (early stages of the Alexandrian period or earlier).
Rasulzade, Hajinsky and Movsumov were part of new generations of Azeris, much more educated and with access to a better quality of life, economic and educational resources, which formed much more liberal and secular political circles than past generations.
For this reason this type of personalities, who were graduating and maturing already by 1902, would create political parties like the Gummet (or also called "Hummat", meaning "energy") which would be one of the first social democratic parties of Azerbaijani origin.
*******
[Nicholas and Kharkov]
In southern Russia the Alexandrian government had authorized some controlled strikes in coordination with the unions, the largest of these strikes occurred in southern Russia (from Little Russia to the South Caucasus). More specifically around the cities of Kharkov and Elizavetpol (also called Ganja by local Azeris).
Mainly due to a sum of factors, applying the new security regulations that had been applied mainly in Azerbaijan in other parts of Russia or ensuring compliance with these new security regulations, salary and pension issues, as well as some setbacks caused by the economic recessions around the world.
But it was not as huge a problem as the strikes in Germany involving tens of thousands of workers from the southern German Empire.
Russia still had much more population and working mass, in addition to being in a stable situation, so there were not hundreds of thousands of workers on strike or making problems (and therefore paralyzing the economy, aggravating problems of epidemics, etc.) as in other parts of Europe.
Tsar Alexander III, between diplomatic discussions and "directing" the situation of the war, let Tsesarevich Nicholas and other elements of the government grapple with the negotiations and reforms of the strikes.
*******
"The working masses are more and more educated, and conscious. They are not few and illiterate as at the beginning of the reign of Tsar Alexander III, they have grown in number and in capacities." The Tsesarevich Nicholas Alexandravich insists.
In silence are Julius Martov, Georgy Evgenievich Lvov (head of the zemstvo in Moscow since 1890) and some other personalities. "I do not believe in the need for military force sir, it is not needed in Moscow, and it is not needed anywhere else in Russia." Lvov speaks after a few moments of thinking, opposing the use of military force to deal with workers' issues.
The rejection of the Moscow governor, the Tsesarevich, of such measures had kept Lvov part of the government, and it was certainly a useful one.
"I share that opinion, but what I want to say is that sooner or later the labor force will seek democratic reforms, if not at its workplace, on a large scale within Russia. And I am concerned that certain elements will lead the workers to early demonstrations. that could be harmful to Russia and the workers themselves in the long run. " The Tsesarevich Nicholas exclaims.
"But Tsar Alexander III has already promised democratic reforms." Martov points out.
"Reforms that will come in years." Lvov emphasizes. "Which may be a problem on its own."
"Exactly. The reforms will come in 1910 if it is as my father plans, but they could come at another time if certain situations arise." Nicholas exclaims. "For the moment we must keep the workers under control and negotiate with them, that's the main thing I want to say."
There were already developing or developed political identities and personalities in various parts of Russia, most tempered by the economic growth of the Alexandrian era, but political reform would come sooner or later.
There was already a vibrant middle class educated by decades of literacy programs, working classes and industrialized cities, political participation through the Zemstvos or unions, etc.
And Russia had to deal with all these sooner or later, Tsesarevich Nicholas understood, and so did Tsar Alexander III, as well as other personalities within the Alexandrian administration.
But at the moment small steps and negotiations were still taking place between the upper class of the government and the lower-middle classes.
The Tsesarevich Nicholas resolved the situation through negotiations with the unions and strikes, some new security measures continued to be implemented, partly with the excuse of dealing with natural disasters and quarantine measures.
Wages and pensions were still a mixed measure after the labor reforms, Tsar Alexander III still had more power over that.
On the other hand, due to these reforms, Russia obtained the most coherent and complete food care system (quality and disease controls) in the 1900s.
*******
[Radio]
In the city of Uzlyany, near Minsk, White Russia, in the Russian Empire, lived a lower-middle-class Jewish family. Composed of father Abraham Sarnoff (sometimes also called Sarnov) and mother, Leah Privin, with several children, including a 9-year-old named David Abramovich.
It was July 2, Monday, when the father brought home for the first time a radio from the SEiPK company.
"We can't immigrate to America, but you can hear the news with this, it's even better than the newspaper." The father of the family explains.
"Better than the newspaper?" Young David asks curiously as he randomly plays the radio.
Due to health problems Abraham had not been able to immigrate to the United States as he planned, and now the quarantine and disease measures abroad prohibited it, so the Sarnoffs stayed in Russia. With a stable life, but not what Abraham had originally dreamed of.
But the important thing for the young David was not to move to the United States, but to work on the radios, which were becoming increasingly common in the home of Russian families, even for a not-so-rich one like the Sarnoffs.
Soon David abandoned the idea of reading newspapers and focused more on radios, learning how they worked and listening to the news there.
He eventually began working, in his teens, at the local radio station, bringing some fresh ideas to the system he grew up with.
*******
[Boxer War]
Russian troops marched on the main commercial and administrative centers of northwest China, cities such as Urga in Outer Mongolia, fortresses in Xinjiang and sites of Tuvan princes, among others.
This was a relatively straightforward task, with the occasional clash with Qing troops attempting to mount a defense against the Russian armed forces.
But the climate and lack of Chinese infrastructure to use were actually the worst enemies of Russia, which fortunately could supply these cadences with its reforms in the equipment and the own infrastructure that Russia had on its borders with China (system of roads and railways, strengths and so on).
The subject was the questions of logistics and administration with the new conquered territories, and if to advance or not.
On the one hand, Russia had to win over the native population of the regions to avoid a guerrilla war and future problems. Relatively simple, Russia already had a certain history in those regions, and was already looking for deals and offers to appease non-Han natives (Mongol-Tuvans, Uyghur, among some other ethno-cultural groups) to avoid conflict between Russian troops. and civilians.
The next issue was Inner Mongolia and the rest of northern China, more populated and with more infrastructure, although the Russian army was more modern and could defeat the Qing forces, there were still important issues.
Did Russia want these territories or to advance there? It would make logistical issues even more complicated, and it would involve an intervention in territory with millions of civilians and more troops than the Russian forces encountered in the Mongolian steppes or the deserts of Xinjiang.
Therefore they would be even more difficult lands to deal with in the Russian intervention in the region.
These were the main issues that Tsar Alexander III discussed with his staff, the leaders of the army. Winning the intervention in the desired territories was simple, but intervening deeper in China and winning the peace was more difficult.
Finally, the Russian general staff decided not to advance towards Inner Mongolia, and to focus more on mounting the defense of the conquered territories in case of a Qing counteroffensive, while the navy and some troops were diverted for small planned and controlled interventions in other parts of China.
These operations would be carried out with the objective of saving the foreign diplomatic legations in Beijing.
Why would the Russian high command make this decision? Quite simply, unlike the other territories, Inner Mongolia already had a larger population of Han Chinese and Mongolians cooperative with the Han-Manchu government of Qing.
More sedentary and agricultural Mongols, less willing to cooperate with Russian interests, unlike the nomadic and steppe Mongols, much more open to negotiating their way to the Russosphere.
********
On July 1, for an hour the Boxer forces in Beijing managed to expel the German and American defenders, fortunately the Chinese did not capitalize on this victory, and as a consequence the legations were able to recover from the defeat.
At 8:03 pm on July 2, Russian and German troops managed to bomb and secure some Chinese ships and positions on their way to relieve Peking.
During this day, false reports arrived about the fall of foreign legations, but fortunately the majority of international recipients in foreign governments considered them to be unreliable reports.
On Tuesday, July 3, the American statesman and politician John Hay declared that "The policy of the Government of the United States is to seek a solution which may bring about permanent safety and peace to China, preserve Chinese territorial and administrative entity, protect all rights guaranteed to friendly Powers by treaty and international law, and safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire. "
Hay was opposing the idea of a partition of the Qing dynasty to pursue the open door policy. Even so, this is not the official position of the US government, especially with European imperialism on the table.
Russia made clear her interests in northern China with her troops moving through Tuva, Mongolia and Xinjiang.
Some German troops raided Yunnan (part of the German sphere of influence) and British troops in the British Raj raided Tibet (the Tibetan plateau, under the control of the Qing dynasty).
On July 4, 54 people involved in the legations, of German, British, Russian and American origin went on the offensive to destroy a tower under construction by Chinese troops outside the territory of the legations.
On July 6, the Chinese troops are forced to withdraw from the city of Tien-tsin by coalition troops, although they return for a counteroffensive, the coalition manages to hold the city until the final surrender of the Chinese fighters on July 14.
By the end of the battles at Tien-tsin, there were a total of 632 coalition casualties. Enemy guns and arsenals were captured, but the Japanese troops under Colonel Kuriya suffered heavy casualties.
On July 17, Russian troops force more than 17,000 Chinese troops to withdraw from the border between Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, after a Qing counteroffensive against the Russian conquests.
This assumes that Russia maintains her position in North China, and thus further plagues her claim on her gains in the intervention against Qing.
Also on the same day, a small truce was accepted between Chinese troops and foreign legations, allowing foreign ambassadors to obtain food and communicate with their countries of origin.
Despite this mini-truce, the conflict would eventually resume in Beijing.
July 20, Edwin H. Conger, an important American diplomat in the Chinese situation, dismisses the Open Door policy towards China and facilitates imperialist agreements of the European governments towards Qing with American support.
The British troops continue their expeditions to Tibet successfully, Germany has some difficulties in Yunnan (and France is limited to moving troops to the joint effort, not taking territory proper).
Russia can cement her demands on northern China more easily.
On July 24, the British authorities (the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Henry Arthur Blake) were presented with the document "Regulations for Peaceful Rule".
The document requests British assistance in establishing a new Chinese government, led by senior parliamentarians with a body of foreign advisers (the foreign ambassadors to China).
This document is made by Chinese revolutionaries, the Chinese lawyer Kai Ho, Yang Chu-yun, Xie Zhantai (Tse Tsan Tai) and Sun Yat-sen.
The British authorities do not pay much attention to them, but the KGB does give some support (more symbolic and to a lesser extent resources) to some revolutionaries in southern China.
Help getting in touch with men like Sun Yat-sen.
July 27, Kaiser Wilhelm II gives the "Huns Speech", to troops sent to Qing (many of them Veterans of Fashoda, better in China fighting than in Europe wasting space, according to the understanding of the German government).
Due to Wilhelm II's words, the term Hun would be used to refer to Germans in a popular way for quite some time.
On July 28, the former Chinese ambassador to Russia (and Germany), Hsi Ching-ch'eng, is saved from execution by foreign troops in China.
The reason was the opposition of the ex-ambassador to the Boxers in the imperial court, something that is used for propaganda by Europeans (from the Russians to the Germans and British) in favor of the intervention.
On August 3, 24,8600 international troops (9000 Russians, 9000 Japanese, and more than 2000 British and American, with a few hundred Germans) march to Peking (Beijing).
Chinese troops are also mobilizing to oppose the coalition forces, but they cannot prevent the fall of the Yang-tsun on August 6.
400 more Japanese troops join forces in Beijing on August 11. The same day the allied forces captured Tungchow, 23 kilometers from Peking.
On August 13, the position of Tung-chau is captured, located about 21 kilometers from Peking (Beijing).
During this same period on August 12, the French destroyer Framee bombed various Chinese coastal positions to support international forces, as well as the Russian, British and German navies.
On August 14, the more than 20,000 international troops finally arrive in Peking for the so-called battle of Beijing (or Peking).
The Tung Pien gate is attacked by Russian troops, while the Tartar Wall is attacked by the US infantry (9th and 14th). Japanese, American and Russian soldiers began to drive Chinese forces away from walled parts of the city.
Finally British troops (Sikhs) entered Beijing and marked the entry of international troops into the forbidden city.
The following day Empress Dowager Cixi and many important members of the court have left the capital of the Qing dynasty to Shensi (Shaanxi), with the lifting of the siege on the international legations marks an important moment in Chinese history in the long line of humiliations received by China. due to foreigners.
Among these events, the Guangxu Emperor's favorite wife, Zhen Fei, is thrown into a well on the orders of Empress Dowager Cixi.
On August 17, Lieutenant General Gribsky, one of the military governors of Amur (Outer Manchuria) "negotiated" with the Chinese the annexation of the conquered territories in the north to Russia.
Although the proclamation was not technically made by the diplomatic service, it did fulfill Russian interests in the northern regions of China, and was discussed with Qing and the other powers involved in foreign intervention in China.
********
* [Discussions]
Subsequently, with the legations secured and the Qing government having withdrawn from the Forbidden City, Tsar Alexander III with his diplomatic service and staff, the main leaders of the war, soon began to discuss with Qing and the allied powers the resolution of the conflict.
The various armies were already looting various treasures from Peking of course, but destroying and looting does not win peace after the conflict, there were business to attend to.
Tsar Alexander III gained important diplomatic positions thanks to his initiative leading and supporting the intervention, thereby saving various foreign diplomats (or it was understood that the action of the tsar was one of the main reasons for helping the legations).
This entailed important ties with allied diplomatic services, such as Japan, France, Germany and the United States, which could counterbalance British opposition to any Russian target (if there was British opposition of course, the British also cooperated with the Russians during the intervention).
Russia was also already communicating with some Chinese citizens of interest, either publicly (Qing officials) through the diplomatic service or discreetly with the use of intelligence services (KGB towards potential rebels).
In these aspects, Tsar Alexander III put Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers, son of the old minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Empire, in charge.
There were several clauses to attend to, for example monetary reparations from Qing to the affected powers (Germany, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, France and Russia).
The request for territorial or legal concessions, diplomatic requests and annexation of territory.
Tsar Alexander III sought to annex the Qing territories under his military and peace-making administration.
Lord Curzon, viceroy of the British Raj, insisted on the need for the British Empire to annex Tibet to oppose Russia (he could say otherwise in public, but that was the intention).
And after some economic concessions (and humiliating Qing), some Germans supported the annexation of Yunnan officially to German Indochina.
In addition to this Japan and France could seek some money or other concessions, and all in general sought to punish the Boxers and anti-foreign personalities of the Qing government.
The resolution of the conflict would take a few months, partly because, for example, the United States was about to have elections, and on the other hand, having captured Peking did not mean that foreign powers could do what they wanted with the enormous Chinese territory, and its millions of inhabitants.
The Qing could still have fought on, but the path of diplomacy was chosen and both sides would have to agree on certain terms to end the conflict.
*******
[International]
July 1, the Austrian Kaiser in exile, Franz II, marries Sophie Chotek von Chotkova, a low-ranking Czech noblewoman (Morganatic marriage).
July 2, Arabs start a revolt in Italian Tunisia, killing 6 officers of the army of the Kingdom of Italy in exile during the first day.
The numbers of the rebels are difficult to say, but after moving north of Tunisia most records are lost. The Italian troops were able to regain control.
There is a measles epidemic in New York, however the number of deaths is unknown, it is established that between 1 and 2000.
On July 4 in New Jersey, more than 120,000 gallons of oil are destroyed by an incident (a lightning strike causing a fire) at one of Standard Oil's refineries.
The fire is not controlled until July 7.
Various cases of typhoid fever in Paris, France.
On July 5, for the Democratic convention, this time William Jennings Bryan is elected as the Democratic candidate for President, while Adlai E. Stevenson I is elected as the Vice President candidate.
In opposition to the Republican presidential candidate, William McKinley and as vice-presidential candidate, Elihu Root.
July 7, Bishop Antonino Fantosati and Father Joseph Gambaro would be captured, tortured and finally killed during the Boxer rebellion.
Two days later, on July 9, the Taiyuan massacre occurs in Shanxi province, led by Governor Yu-Hsien, who demands the execution of the captured foreign missionaries and their families.
On July 9, the Commonwealth of Australia is officially constituted under King Albert Victor and Prime Minister Louis Alexander Mountbatten, who favor the "whiter" territories of the British Empire.
July 11, the Buddhasasanangha Library is founded in the kingdom of Rattanakosin under King Chulalongkorn, with the intention of creating the largest collection of Buddhist books and texts of the moment.
July 15, the village of Tchou-kia-ho (Zhujiahe), a walled refuge for 3,000 Chinese Christians, is besieged by the Boxers. After the fall of the city, there would be a massacre against Christian refugees.
July 23, London begins the Pan-African Conference, historically better known as the First Pan-African Conference.
A 3-day event that brings together personalities from the pan-African movement (such as William Edward Burghardt Du Bois or Henry Sylvester Williams) to fight for the rights of all people of African descent, independence from colonialism for African countries and the international black unit.
Much of the white journalism in London is opposed to the conference, but this indirectly makes the public know about the existence of the conference, something important by itself.
July 25, riots in New Orleans (United States) of the white inhabitants against the black inhabitants. The attacks are due to a local black man, Robert Charles, shooting and fleeing two policemen.
Two days later Charles is assassinated in a confrontation with the white rioters in the African American part of the city.
July 26, due to the use of Fashoda veterans in the China conflict (by Germany and the UK), epidemic diseases from the conflict reach parts of China and the United States.
US government measures to prevent the spread of the disease are ineffective in some cities and rural areas.
On July 31, supported by the government of Venezuela (led by Cipriano Castro) and some liberals from Ecuador, the Colombian liberals achieved a series of positive victories for the liberal president Rafael Victor Zenón Uribe Uribe against the government of Manuel Antonio Sanclemente .
With the victory in Palonegro and Venezuelan support (in addition to a lack of foreign intervention due to international problems), the Colombian civil war leans in favor of the liberals.
Venezuelan troops (1,200) begin to move along the Colombia-Venezuela border to support the Colombian liberals.
August 2, Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar, the Shah of Persia, suffers an assassination attempt (carried out by a man named Francois Salson) while visiting Paris.
However due to the quick reaction of the Shah and his Grand Vizier, the assassination fails.
August 17, large infestation of grasshoppers in Michigan, United States.
August 18, Venezuelan troops cross the Colombian border in support of the liberal government and crush various conservative positions in the north and east of Colombia.
August 20, Sultan Jamalul Kiram of Sulu, from the island of Jolo, Philippines, signs a treaty with the Japanese to avoid conflict between the Japanese and natives in Jolo.
Despite these treaties, they only "pacify" the island of Jolo and territories under the jurisdiction of the Sultan of Sulu, with his subjects inhabiting them. General-President Antonio Luna and his rebels still fight in most of the Philippines (especially in the north, where they have had some victories over Japanese troops).
The Russian scientist Constantin Dmitrievich Perskyi, on August 25, presented the word "television" for the first time in his text Télévision au moyen de l'électricité.
On August 31, the government of the Second Mexican Empire joins the negotiations in the Fashoda war as a neutral mediator, helping especially in the situations in the Caribbean, the Pacific and South America.
September 1, the largest transatlantic telegraph cable of the moment is created, owned by the German-American Telegraph Company, the cable stretches for 7,917 kilometers (or 4,919 miles).
On September 3 (Monday), the great European powers in Paris (solving the Fashoda conflict and intervening in Qing) establish a joint communiqué to resolve the issues of the laws of war and the peaceful resolution of international conflicts.
Following in the vein of Tsar Alexander III's attempts at peace in years past, what is known today as The Hague Conventions.
September 4, Lord Curzon, Viceroy of India, reports that more than 4 million people (4,891,000) were supported, affected by the famine in the central provinces of the British Raj.
On September 7, in various parts of the Hungarian majority of the Kingdom of Romania, rebel groups are created (generally veterans of the old Hungarian army in Austria-Hungary, Hungarian nationalists, etc.) that start a guerrilla war against the government.
Some want independence for the Hungarian portions of Transylvania, and others call for unification with Hungary.
September 8, a hurricane in Galvestone, Texas, United States, causes the death of 6,000 of the 38,000 inhabitants.
September 11, the civil war in Colombia ends, with the victory of the liberals of Rafael Victor Zenón Uribe Uribe (and Cipriano Castro, leader of Venezuela) over the conservatives.
On September 12, under the peace discussions in Paris, the United Kingdom establishes the Diet of Sweden, for the beginnings of the Republic of Sweden and its "democratic" government.
This is due to the elimination of the Swedish monarchical elite, but the British believe (and can, for the moment) maintain control over Sweden despite it being a republic.
September 13 and 17, Japanese troops suffer a series of defeats in Luzon, where General-President Antonio Luna manages to establish his base of operations to fight against Japanese imperialism.
Also on September 13, searching for a cure for yellow fever (which is spreading not only the Caribbean, but now many parts of the world, due to strains carried by soldiers from the Fashoda war) the American doctor, Jesse Lazear in Las Animas Hospital in Cuba, Second Mexican Empire, gets bitten by a mosquito.
Lazear's experiment causes him to fall ill 5 days later, and eventually die on September 25, proving for the international medical community that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes (and that insects must therefore be dealt with to fight back in infected sites).
On September 14, between the peace discussions in Paris, the Boer states, the South African Republic under President Paul Krueger and the Orange Free State under President Martinus Theunis Steyn, talks begin for a greater rapprochement.
This is because while the Boers may maintain their independence, they are surrounded by the British and the more "Dutch" factions of the government believe in a rapprochement (union) to fight more efficiently against future attempts by the British (and pro-British factions within Boer states) to end Boer sovereignty.
September 26, is officially launched from the Nikolayev shipyard, the battleship Potemkin, of the Russian Imperial Navy.
September 29, in San Lazaro, Second Mexican Empire, opens the first penitentiary and correctional facility in the country, the most modern and with the aim of rehabilitating the subjects who enter the facility.
The project is widely sponsored by Emperor Maximilian I, who sees it as a broad humanitarian project.
On the same day the Parliament of London accepts the annexation of the islands of Rarotonga, Mangaia, Aitutaki, Mitiaro and Atiu (part of the Cook Islands) to New Zealand.
*******
*Socialism.
Vladimir Ulyanov, a citizen of Russia and Germany, is finally released on July 16, after months of protests by workers from southern Germany, allowing Ulyanov to go to Munich while the borders between Russia and Germany remain closed due to quarantine. .
Ulyanov capitalized on this with the creation of his Marxist-socialist political newspaper Iskra (wich means "The Spark"), which became a hit with the mass of workers in southern Germany, who continued with strikes in Austria, Bohemia and Bavaria.
On July 29, elections are held in Italy under the Milan constitution. This officially establishes the Federative Socialist Republic of Italy.
The elections were surprisingly led by the Maximalists of Costantino Lazzari, in alliance with the autonomists from various parts of Italy (including some of the Fasci Siciliani), syndicalists and "non-revisionist" socialists.
Lazzari won through this coalition over revisionists, reformist socialists, anarchists and other members of the left led by Filippo Turati.
As a result of the elections, various socialist republics and communes are established in Italy, bringing a decentralized and somewhat weak government to the table (at least weaker and more decentralized than the Iberian government).
In this case, Lazzari is President of the Italian Parliament, and also acts as secretary general of the council of ministers, but even so, he must give certain powers to the regional autonomies that helped him to come to power democratically (making so Socialist Republics but also some Federal-Communal Cities, cities with broad autonomy, such as Venice).
Regional socialist parties and personalities, such as the Marxists and democratic socialists of Sicily.
However, there are also many economic problems to solve, which the Maximalists and other Marxists want to solve according to the hard line of socialist thought, without using capitalism and acquiring directly for the workers all the land and means of production that were obtained during the revolution.
In opposition to various anarchists (and libertarian socialists) such as lawyer Francesco Saverio Merlino or reformist socialists such as the aforementioned Turati. That they consider that certain characteristics of capitalism are needed to oppose the disadvantages and problems of Italian material conditions.
For the new socialist state begins a new and hard road.
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