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Alfred Shout
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Alfred John Shout, VC, MC (8 August 1882 – 11 August 1915) was a New Zealand–born soldier and an Australian recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest decoration for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. Shout was posthumously awarded the VC for his actions at Lone Pine in August 1915, during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War. After Ottoman forces had counterattacked and seized a large stretch of the Australians' front line, Shout gathered a small party of men and charged down one trench throwing bombs. He killed eight Turkish soldiers, and managed to clear others to retake the trench. In a similar action later that day, and supported by another officer, he recaptured further ground amid hard fighting. In the final push forward, Shout simultaneously lit three bombs to lob at the enemy. He successfully threw two, but the third burst just as it was leaving his hand. Shout was grievously wounded, and died two days later.
Alfred Shout
Informal photograph of a man in military uniform leaning against the wall of a trench.
Shout at Quinn's Post, Gallipoli, 7 June 1915
Born
8 August 1882
Wellington, New Zealand
Died
11 August 1915 (aged 33)
off Gallipoli, Ottoman Turkey
Allegiance
Cape Colony
Australia
Service/branch
Cape Colonial Forces (1900–1907)
Australian Army (1907–1915)
Years of service
1900–1915
Rank
Captain
Unit
1st Battalion (1914–1915)
Battles/wars
Second Boer War
First World War
Gallipoli Campaign
Landing at Anzac Cove
Battle of Sari Bair
Battle of Lone Pine
Awards
Victoria Cross
Military Cross
Mentioned in Despatches (2)
Born in Wellington, Shout had served in the Second Boer War as a teenager. He rose to sergeant and was mentioned in despatches for saving a wounded man before being discharged in 1902. He remained in South Africa for the next five years, serving as an artilleryman in the Cape Colonial Forces from 1903. With his Australian-born wife and their daughter, Shout immigrated to Sydney in 1907. The family settled in Darlington, where Shout worked for Resch's Brewery as a carpenter and joiner. He was also active in the part-time Citizens' Forces, being commissioned just prior to the outbreak of the First World War. In August 1914, he joined in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) for active service overseas and was appointed a lieutenant in the 1st Battalion. After training in Egypt, he took part in the Anzac landings at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915. For his leadership during the invasion and its immediate aftermath, Shout was awarded the Military Cross and later mentioned in despatches. Shout's three gallantry awards at Gallipoli made him the most highly decorated member of the AIF for the campaign.
Early life
Edit
A formal head-and-shoulders portrait of a man. He is well groomed, and is wearing a suit.
Alfred Shout c. 1912
Alfred John Shout was born in Wellington, New Zealand, on 8 August 1882.[Note 1] He was the eldest of nine children to an English-born father, John Richard Shout, and Irish mother, Agnes Mary (née Kelly, formerly McGovern).[1][2][3] Information on Alfred Shout's early life is rather scant and the details differ between sources,[4] but according to his First World War attestation form he was privately educated.[5] In early 1900, Shout travelled to South Africa with his elder half-brother, William McGovern. The brothers sought to join one of the colonial contingents then engaged in the Second Boer War; Alfred enlisted in the newly raised Border Horse on 17 February 1900, while William (using the surname Shout) found a place in Bethune's Mounted Infantry.[3][6][Note 2] The Border Horse was an irregular colonial force formed in eastern Cape Colony, and Shout was allotted to the unit's No. 1 Company with the service number 9216.[6][9]
Serving at Wittebergen, Transvaal, and in the Cape Colony with the Border Horse, Shout was twice wounded,[4] including once in the chest.[10] In an action at Thabaksberg on 29 January 1901, the then Lance Corporal Shout assisted in maintaining the position of his men. At one point during the engagement, he ventured out under heavy rifle fire to retrieve a wounded man, and brought him back to a covered position; Shout's bravery in this action earned him a mention in despatches.[4] He was promoted to sergeant on 7 May 1901,[11] and discharged from the Border Horse 16 days later.[6] He then served with the Stellenbosch District Mounted Troop until 1902.[9][10][12] Shout was issued the Queen's South Africa Medal with "Wittebergen", "Transvaal" and "Cape Colony" clasps, and the King's South Africa Medal with the clasps "South Africa 1901" and "South Africa 1902" for his service in the Boer War.[9][13]
Shout decided to remain in South Africa after his discharge and, in 1903, enlisted in the Cape Colonial Forces. He was made a sergeant in Prince Alfred's Own Cape Field Artillery, with which he served until 1907.[1][4][10] While living in Cape Town, Shout married Rose Alice Howe, an Australian from Sydney, in 1905; the couple had a daughter named Florence in June that year.[2][9] In 1907, the Shout family immigrated to Australia, settling in the Sydney suburb of Darlington. Here, Shout gained employment as a carpenter and joiner at Resch's Brewery.[4][10] He also joined the 29th Infantry Regiment of the part-time Citizens' Forces shortly after arriving in Sydney, was a foundation member of the 29th Infantry Club, and a regular visitor at the Randwick rifle range, where he gained a reputation as an excellent shot.[1][4][8][10] Shout was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Citizens' Forces on 16 June 1914.[1][4]
First World War
Edit
Following the outbreak of the First World War, Shout applied for a commission in the newly raised Australian Imperial Force (AIF) on 18 August 1914.[4][5] The AIF was formed as Australia's expeditionary force to fight in the war, as the Citizens' Forces were restricted to home defence per the Defence Act (1903).[14] Shout's application was accepted on 28 August and he was posted to the 1st Battalion as a second lieutenant in F Company, commanded by Lieutenant Cecil Sasse.[5][4] According to his medical assessment at the time, Shout stood at 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m), weighed 12 stone (170 lb; 76 kg), and was recorded as having "good" eyesight.[5] On 18 October, the 1st Battalion embarked for the Middle East, with Shout boarding HMAT Afric at Sydney.[4][15] Sailing via Albany, Western Australia, the troopship arrived in Egypt on 2 December.[16] Shortly after, the 1st Battalion was reorganised into four companies; Shout was allotted to D Company as a platoon commander.[4] The battalion spent the next four months training in the Egyptian desert,[17] during which time Shout was promoted lieutenant on 1 February 1915.[1][7]
Gallipoli
Edit
Landing at Anzac
Edit
An informal black and white group portrait of three men in military uniform. They are sitting on the ground in what appears to be a desert.
Shout (right) with Captain Albert Mcguire (left) and Major Blair Swannell (centre) while training in the Egyptian desert, March 1915. All three men would be killed at Gallipoli.
As part of an endeavour to defeat the Ottoman Empire and force a supply route through to Russia via the Bosporus and the Black Sea, the British War Council formulated a plan to invade the Gallipoli Peninsula.[18][19] On 25 April 1915, the men of the 1st Australian Brigade—of which the 1st Battalion was part—landed at Anzac Cove between 05:30 and 07:30 among the second and third waves of Australian troops.[20] The 1st Battalion was meant to be held in reserve, but due to heavy casualties and confusion the unit soon went into action.[21][22] Following a request for reinforcements, Shout moved up with one of the 1st Battalion's companies to the hill feature Baby 700.[21][23] Arriving at the position around 11:00,[23] he led a party to hold the rear left flank of the hill as part of the Australians' rearguard action.[4][24] The Australian position on Baby 700 had become dire by that afternoon, a situation compounded by the small number of available infantry in the area and the complete lack of artillery support, when the Turkish forces launched a counter-assault. By this time, Shout and Lieutenant Leslie Morshead of the 2nd Battalion were the only two surviving officers in their sector of the line. At 16:30, the Turks broke through the defensive line and the Australians were forced to abandon their position on the hill. Shout was one of the last to evacuate, and withdrew down towards the beach.[10][25] During his retreat, Shout encountered Lieutenant Colonel George Braund, commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, on Walker's Ridge. Braund dispatched Shout to the beach with a request for reinforcements. Shout duly relayed the message, and was immediately tasked with leading 200 stray men to reinforce the thin defensive line near Braund's position.[26][27] Shout established a post at the base of the ridge as dusk began to fall, and his men started to dig in.[28]
... Lieutenant Shout was a hero. Wounded himself several times, he kept picking up wounded men and carrying them out of the firing line. I saw him carry fully a dozen men away. Then another bullet struck him in the arm, and it fell useless by his side. Still he would not go to the rear. "I am here with you boys to the finish", was the only reply he would make ... A little later Lieutenant Shout was wounded again, and fell down. It was cruel to see him. He struggled and struggled until he got to his feet, refusing all entreaties to go to the rear. Then he staggered and fell and tried to rise again. At last some men seized him and carried him away, still protesting.
Soldier of the 1st Battalion on Shout's action at Walker's Ridge[4]
By 27 April, Shout had been continually in action without rest since the landing. That morning, he was sent to Walker's Ridge to replace a wounded officer in a vulnerable sector of the line.[4][29] As the Turks occupied positions in the scrub just beyond the Australians' trench, Shout and his men were subjected to accurate and heavy rifle fire throughout the day. Accordingly, Shout reorganised his men and, exposing himself to the Turks' fire, ventured out to reconnoitre the enemy's position. He was then able to accurately direct the rifle fire of his men.[7][30] Though wounded early in the action, Shout refused to leave the frontline.[4][22] As the fighting wore on, the Turks closed in on the Australian trench and Shout led a bayonet charge to hold them at bay.[7][30] He was later wounded a second time, a bullet passing through his arm and rendering it useless. Still, he refused to leave. Soon after, he was wounded a third time and evacuated for medical treatment. During the engagement, Shout had carried several wounded men away from the frontline.[4][22] Cited for his "conspicuous courage and ability" at Walker's Ridge, Shout was awarded the Military Cross,[31] becoming the first member of his battalion to receive the decoration.[32] The notification and accompanying citation for the award was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 3 July 1915.[31]
Shout's wounds proved to be relatively light and he soon rejoined the 1st Battalion.[4] On 11 May, he was wounded once again, suffering a second gunshot to his arm. He was evacuated to the hospital ship HMHS Gascon, but rejoined his unit fifteen days later.[33][34] On 20 May, Shout was mentioned in the despatch of General Sir Ian Hamilton, General Officer Commanding the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, in recognition of his efforts from the landing on 25 April to 5 May.[1][35] He was promoted to captain on 29 July.[1][7]
Lone Pine
Edit
An informal group portrait of three military officers sitting on the deck of a ship.
Shout (centre) with two other officers aboard the hospital ship Gascon in May 1915. Shout was recovering from a gunshot wound to his arm.
On 6 August 1915, the 1st Australian Brigade launched an assault on the impregnable Ottoman position at Lone Pine.[36] Led by the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Battalions (with the 1st Battalion held in reserve),[37][38] the attack was orchestrated to divert Turkish attention and reinforcements away from the primary operation to the north of the line as the British sought to capture the Sari Bair ridge.[39] The Australian assault at Lone Pine commenced in the late afternoon just before sunset. An artillery barrage had preceded the attack, though according to historian Robin Prior the results had been "feeble" and the advance was hard-fought.[40] Nonetheless, within half an hour the Australians had breached the Turkish trenches and seized their objectives.[36][37] Despite the initial success, Australian casualties had been heavy and the 1st Battalion was ordered forward in preparation for the expected Turkish counter-attack.[38] The battle descended into fierce fighting over the next three days,[1] often in the form of what Bryan Perrett has described as "deadly bombing duels".[38]
At 09:00 on 9 August, the day after Shout's 33rd birthday, the 1st Battalion relieved the 3rd Battalion on the Lone Pine front at a position known as Sasse's Sap. Soon after, the Turks renewed their attack and recaptured a stretch of the sap.[7][41] Determined to rout these men, and supported by a few of his own soldiers, Shout charged down one trench throwing bombs. He killed eight Turks, and managed to clear others to retake the trench.[1] Meanwhile, Captain Cecil Sasse—Shout's former company commander—gathered three men with sandbags, and cleared another 20-yard (18 m) section of the sap.[42] Armed with a rifle, Sasse had charged down the trench at the head of his men. His party soon discovered a group of Turks focused on, and firing in, a different direction; Sasse and his men killed 12 and forced the remainder to flee. Sasse continued to keep the Turks at bay with rifle fire as his men barricaded the trench with the sandbags.[41][43][Note 3]
Sasse, described by official historian Charles Bean as "elated" by the achievement that morning, approached Shout with a proposal to repeat the feat.[41] Shout agreed. The duo assembled a party of eight men this time to carry sandbags and extra bombs.[22][42] Having reconnoitred the Turks' position, the previously erected barricade was shoved down and, side-by-side, Sasse and Shout ran forward.[41] While Sasse fired his revolver and Shout lobbed bombs, the Australian party advanced in short stages along the trench and built a barricade each time they halted.[1][7] Bean wrote that Shout fought with "splendid gaiety" throughout the assault,[41] historian Stephen Snelling adding that Shout was "laughing and joking and cheering his men on".[42] As the Australians progressed, the two officers located a suitable position to raise their final barricade. Readying himself for this final push forward, Shout simultaneously lit three bombs. He successfully threw two, but the third burst just as it was leaving his hand.[41][44] Shout was grievously wounded; the explosion incinerated his right hand and part of the left, destroyed his left eye, cut his cheek, and caused burns to his chest and leg.[42][45] Despite the severity of his wounds Shout remained conscious and was dragged out of the firing line, where, "still cheerful" according to Bean,[41] he "drank tea and sent a message to his wife".[42]
Victoria Cross and legacy
Edit
A group of seven court-mounted military decorations and medals.
Alfred Shout's medals at the Australian War Memorial, Canberra
Shout was evacuated from the Gallipoli Peninsula to the hospital ship Euralia shortly after he was wounded.[42] He died two days later, on 11 August 1915, and was buried at sea.[1] Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Bennett, commanding officer of the 1st Battalion, labelled Shout's actions at Lone Pine as "brilliant" and described him as "unapproachable in his splendid leadership".[42] Although Sasse's Sap was not completely recovered,[41] Shout was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) in recognition of his efforts to recover much of the trench system, while Sasse received the Distinguished Service Order.[42][44][Note 4] Shout's VC was the seventh and final awarded to the AIF for the operations around Lone Pine, and the second to a member of the 1st Battalion.[3][47][Note 5] Shout's three gallantry awards from Gallipoli also marked him as the most highly decorated member of the AIF for the campaign.[48]
The announcement of Shout's VC was promulgated in the London Gazette on 15 October 1915, reading:[45]
War Office, 15th October, 1915.
His Majesty The KING has been pleased to award the Victoria Cross to the undermentioned Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Men: —
Captain Alfred John Shout, 1st Battalion, Australian Imperial Force.
For most conspicuous bravery at Lone Pine trenches, in the Gallipoli Peninsula.
On the morning of the 9th August, 1915, with a very small party Captain Shout charged down trenches strongly occupied by the enemy, and personally threw four bombs among them, killing eight and routing the remainder.
In the afternoon of the same day, from the position gained in the morning, he captured a further length of trench under similar conditions, and continued personally to bomb the enemy at close range under very heavy fire until he was severely wounded, losing his right hand and left eye.
This most gallant officer has since succumbed to his injuries.
An informal, sepia portrait of a man in military uniform. He is leaning against what appears to be a wall.
A smiling Second Lieutenant Alfred Shout in Egypt, 1915
There was considerable confusion following Shout's death. Army Headquarters in Melbourne cabled Rose Shout on 15 August to inform her that Alfred had been wounded. Confirmation of his death was conveyed to her, but was contradicted by a later cable on 23 August. This communication stated that Shout was not dead, but alive and returning to Australia aboard the Themistocles. The press in Australia published news of his pending return, adding that he would arrive in Sydney in mid-September. This proved to be a case of mistaken identity. Shout's death was confirmed by 26 August; a Lieutenant A. J. Shirt, also of the 1st Battalion, was the officer aboard the Themistocles. Rose Shout received a ministerial apology for the clerical errors and distress caused.[1][42]
Shout is commemorated on the Lone Pine Memorial,[49] and he was remembered by the citizens of Darlington with a memorial plaque. The governor-general, Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, unveiled the plaque at the Darlington Town Hall in a ceremony on 20 November 1915. The plaque has since entered the collections of the Victoria Barracks Museum in Paddington.[1][42] In 1916, to honour "the heroic and glorious deeds and death" of Shout and relieve the financial strain placed upon his wife, a collection was taken up by local citizens in Sydney to provide Rose and their daughter with a house.[50][51][52]
Until 2006 Shout's medals were in the possession of his family. That year, Shout's grandson decided to sell the medals to relieve some of the family debt and financial burdens. At the time Shout's VC was the only one awarded to a member of the AIF at Gallipoli that was not in the collection of the Australian War Memorial. The medals were auctioned by the Sydney firm Bonhams & Goodman on 24 July 2006, and realised a world record hammer price of AU$1 million. The sale surpassed, almost doubling, the previous auction records for a medal—set by the Naval Gold Medal awarded to Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet—and the price paid for a VC, previously held by that awarded to Norman Cyril Jackson.[53] Shout's medals were purchased by media mogul Kerry Stokes, who subsequently donated the set to the Australian War Memorial for display in the Hall of Valour.[48][54]
Notes
Edit
There is a discrepancy between sources regarding Shout's date of birth. Higgins 1988, in Shout's Australian Dictionary of Biography entry, states it to be 7 August 1881. Staunton 2005, p. 37 also gives 7 August, though records the year as 1882. Shout's Australian Imperial Force service file notes it as 8 August 1882, which is the date given in Arthur 2005, p. 677, Bean 1941a, p. 295, Snelling 1999, p. 178 and Wigmore 1963, p. 47. As the service record is an official government file and the majority of scholars record the date it gives, 8 August 1882 is the date used in this article.
It was previously thought that Shout had initially served in South Africa with one of the New Zealand contingents to the Second Boer War.[1][4][7][8] Recent research by both the Australian War Memorial and Harry Willey indicates that this was not the case.[3][9][10]
There appears to be some confusion regarding Shout's and Sasse's actions on the morning of 9 August. Some sources connect the two actions, to say that Shout and Sasse operated in unison to clear a trench in the morning.[42][44] Official historian Charles Bean and other more recent scholarship, however, indicates that the two actions were separate. As Shout and Sasse did work together in the afternoon, it is possible that the actions have become confused.[3][7][41]
Shout was also posthumously issued the 1914–15 Star, British War Medal, and Victory Medal for his service during the First World War.[46]
The other six were Leonard Keysor (also of the 1st Battalion), William Symons, Frederick Tubb, Alexander Burton, William Dunstan and John Hamilton.
References
Edit
Higgins, Matthew (1988). "Shout, Alfred John (1882–1915)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
"Alfred John Shout". Cenotaph Database. Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
Willey, Harry (23 October 2015). "Captain Shout biography" (PDF). Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 7 July 2022 – via Online Cenotaph.
Snelling 1999, pp. 178–179
"Shout, Alfred John". Records Search. National Archives of Australia. p. 1. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Stephen Skinner. "Nominal Roll of the Border Horse". British Medals. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
Staunton 2005, p. 37
Wigmore 1963, p. 47
"Queen's South Africa Medal: Sergeant A. J. Shout, Border Horse". Collection. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
"Memorial pendant: Captain A. J. Shout". Collection. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
"No. 27311". The London Gazette. 7 May 1901. p. 3114.
Wright & Anderson 2013, p. 189
"King's South Africa Medal: Sergeant A. J. Shout". Collection. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Beaumont 2013, p. 16
"Alfred John Shout". First World War Embarkation Roll. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
"1st Battalion". Australian military units. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
"1st Infantry Battalion (August 1914 – June 1915)". First World War Unit Diaries. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robinand; Bou, Jean (2008). "Gallipoli". The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Oxford Reference Online. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195517842.001.0001. ISBN 9780195517842. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
Arthur 2005, p. 218
Bean 1941a, p. 280
Carlyon 2002, p. 141
"Captain Alfred Shout". Gallipoli and the Anzacs. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 21 December 2009.
Bean 1941a, pp. 295–296
Bean 1941a, p. 304
Bean 1941a, pp. 314–316
Bean 1941a, p. 318
Carlyon 2002, pp. 168–169
Bean 1941a, p. 471
Bean 1941a, pp. 508–509
"Recommendation for Alfred John Shout to be awarded the Military Cross" (PDF). Recommendations: First World War. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
"No. 29215". The London Gazette (Supplement). 3 July 1915. p. 6541.
Snelling 1999, p. 161
"Shout, Alfred John". Records Search. National Archives of Australia. p. 8. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
"Informal outdoor portrait of Lieutenant Alfred Shout". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
"No. 29251". The London Gazette (Supplement). 5 August 1915. p. 7668.
Snelling 1999, p. 147
Staunton 2005, p. 23
Perrett 2004, p. 196
Prior 2010, p. 169
Prior 2010, p. 171
Bean 1941b, pp. 564–565
Snelling 1999, pp. 163–164
"1st Infantry Battalion War Diary". Australian Imperial Force unit war diaries, 1914–18 War. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Perrett 2004, p. 198
"No. 29328". The London Gazette. 15 October 1915. p. 10153.
"Shout, Alfred John". Records Search. National Archives of Australia. p. 28 & 83. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Wigmore 1963, p. 46
Braithwaite, David (25 July 2006). "RSL stoked with Kerry's medal splurge". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"Shout, Alfred John". Casualty Details. Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"Case of Mrs. Shout". Sydney Morning Herald. 19 September 1916. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Stephens, A.G. (27 September 1916). "Captain A. J. Shout". The Wingham Chronicle and Manning River Observer. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"For V.C.'s Widow". The Sunday Times. 3 December 1916. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"Gallipoli VC Medal Sets Auction Record". The Age. 24 July 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
"Victoria Cross". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Bibliography
Edit
Wikinews has related news:
Victoria Cross fetches record price at auction
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred Shout.
Arthur, Max (2005). Symbol of Courage: The Men Behind the Medal. Chatham, United Kingdom: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-49133-4.
Bean, C.E.W. (1941a). The Story of ANZAC from the Outbreak of War to the End of the First Phase of the Gallipoli Campaign, May 4, 1915. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. I. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 225410593.
Bean, C.E.W. (1941b). The Story of ANZAC from 4 May 1915, to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. II. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 271462380.
Beaumont, Joan (2013). Broken Nation: Australians in the Great War. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-138-3.
Carlyon, Les (2002). Gallipoli. Sydney, Australia: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7329-1128-7.
Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (2nd ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-551784-2.
Higgins, Matthew (1988). "Shout, Alfred John (1881–1915)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 11. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84380-4.
Perrett, Bryan (2004). For Valour: Victoria Cross and Medal of Honor Battles. London, United Kingdom: Cassell Military Paperbacks. ISBN 0-304-36698-6.
Prior, Robin (2010). Gallipoli: The End of the Myth. New Haven, United States: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16894-5.
Snelling, Stephen (1999). Gallipoli. VCs of the First World War. Trowbridge, United Kingdom: Wrens Park Publishing. ISBN 0-905778-33-2.
Staunton, Anthony (2005). Victoria Cross: Australia's Finest and the Battles they Fought. Prahran, Australia: Hardie Grant Books. ISBN 1-74066-288-1.
Wigmore, Lionel (1963). They Dared Mightily. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 671722263.
Wright, Christopher J.; Anderson, Glenda M., eds. (2013). The Victoria Cross and the George Cross: The Complete History. Vol. II: The First World War, 1914–1918. York, United Kingdom: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-77217-6.
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