Kapitel 122: Moscow is the final Roman Empire (July-September, 1924).
Urban and monumental projects in Russia]
One of the curious consequences of Tsar Alexander III and the first decades of Tsar Nicholas II, is the construction of mega-projects and monumental constructions that became popular within the Russian Empire (and the influence that these would have on architectural movements in Russia).
The reasons are a bit confusing, but basically the Russian Empire had a certain fame for numerous mega-projects under Tsar Alexander III (the Trans-Siberian railway, the White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal, the Green Wall of Central Asia and the like) and also popularized the construction of large memorials, statues or other forms of monuments.
This is potentially due to the nature of Tsar Alexander III himself and his government (a golden age and renewal for the Russian Empire, at considerable expense and 'grandness')... Tsar Nicholas II and his government on the other hand was much more practical, for it the construction of monuments was more of a unnecessary waste of resources that could be better used on useful projects ( as was the expansion of infrastructure, like the High-Speed Rail).
There was a continuation of the Alexandrian projects of course like the Green Wall, but there was a 'slowdown' in the number of said projects.
Although of course this would be to ignore the other forms of monumental work carried out during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II (see the huge economic projects of the Covenant of Nations that were initiated during this period) and the influence that the Alexandrian Period had during the first decades of Nicholas.
See for example the new building of the State Duma in Moscow, developed under the reign of Nicholas II and his governmental reforms (inspired in part by the legacy of the government of Alexander III):
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Building of the State Duma of the Russian Empire in Manezhnaya (Moscow), modern times - It is bigger on the inside than it looks on the outside, after all this building has to be a space for more than 2000 deputies from all over Russia.
During the time of reconstruction, new architectural styles began to emerge that progressively moved away from the Alexandrian aesthetic in Russia and that were consolidated due to the Third World War (where the architectural needs were more about functionality, practicality and habitability than aesthetics), but this is a matter to discuss at another time.
Returning to the matter of various projects under Tsar Nicholas II, although his infrastructure projects were obviously beneficial for the various corners of Russia, some of the most notorious took place in cities.
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*Petrograd Flood Prevention Facility Complex (Петроградский комплекс противопаводковых сооружений/Petrogradskiy kompleks protivopavodkovykh sooruzheniy) or simply known as Petrograd Dam (Петроградская плотина/Petrogradskaya plotina), which, as its name suggests, is a complex designed to help to prevent flooding in the Petrograd area (floods caused mainly by the proximity of the city to the Neva and the Gulf of Finland, and some climatic problems).
Historically, storm surges from the Gulf of Finland have caused more than 300 floods in the region, something the rule of Tsar Nicholas II helped end after 1924.
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*The Moscow Metro was built under Tsar Alexander III, but it should not be ignored that Nicholas II's long period as Tsar saw a massive expansion of public transport, including the growth of the Moscow Metro (according to the demographics of the city of Moscow and its complexity grew).
The government of Tsar Nicholas II reached such a point in its investment in public transport, that some cities managed to open 9 or more metro stations in just under 1 month, which for the time was quite impressive.
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Russian women see a map of the Moscow Metro during the reign of Alexander III.
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*The Derzhprom/Gosprom (State Industry, from State Industry Building or the Palace of Industry) in Kharkov, one of the symbols of industry in Southern Russia, its building did begin during the reign of Nicholas II (years of 1925-1928).
This building did have several objectives, but the main ones were:
1-Serve as a place for industrial management activities in Southern Russia.
2-Serve as a spacious center for the Russian society of the 'New Russia' of Nicholas II ( a place of mass events like holidays, demonstrations and more societal projects).
And other examples already mentioned such as the Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy (Выставка достижений народного хозяйства/Vystavka dostizheniy narodnogo khozyaystva) in Moscow, various research and public education facilities, advances in transportation and communications.
But we also have some more 'vain' projects carried out by Tsar Nicholas II, mainly concerning the construction of statues honoring his father's reign and some major renovations.
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"A chat at Tsargrad" - Russian propaganda from the conquest of Tsargrad during the reign of Tsar Alexander III.
The 'liberation (according to the Orthodox) of the city of Tsargrad from Russian hands, was the culmination of an ancient desire (see the Greek Plan of Catherine II) and an almost prophetic event (Moscow definitely became the Third Rome, and there would not be a fourth).
As a consequence, although a large part of Ottoman Constantinople was preserved, it also had some expansion. There was a popular neo-Byzantine style and of course a new Orthodox and Slavic building boom.
Statues to Catherine II and Alexander III (among other Russian emperors who led successful campaigns against the Ottomans), and other relevant figures, began to be built around the Black Sea (Tsargrad, Russian Anatolia and southern Russia).
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Left: Statue of Oleg of Novgorod, who according to legend nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople as a symbol of victory after his expedition against the Byzantine Empire - Right: A artistic representation of the event mentioned.
(A rare example of Russia claiming Rus over Byzantium, but it could also be one about how Tsargrad now belonged to Moscow and the victory over the Ottomans).
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New Orthodox building in Russian-liberated Tsargrad.
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Monument to Empress Catherine the Great during the times of Nicholas II.
*[Trivia]: Very possibly the name of the son of the Grand Duchess Maria (daughter of Tsar Nicholas II), Konstantin, is inspired by the same Greek plans of Catherine the Great (who named its grandson Constantine because of the several Byzantine-Eastern Roman emperors).
*******
[The Russian Woman and a new wave of Russian feminism]
Today the fight for women's rights continues in various parts of the world, due to various pertinent social issues and other problems that plague humanity in general (just to give an example: the existence of human trafficking, which is essentially a form modern slavery that has affected men, women and children in various parts of the world).
So we can understand that the movement, although it has had its changes over time, has been almost constant for a considerable time. Therefore we can examine the evolution of the situation of the female gender in various societies, especially throughout the twentieth century.
In this case we are going to partially study the case of the Russian Empire.
Under the rule of Tsar Alexander III, the first great steps of the feminist movement in Russia were taken, with the aim of improving the legal and social status of women.
We see considerable increases in the quality of life and eventually in opportunities, with greater access to basic services such as education and job offers that were not so available before (especially we see the increase in female participation in areas such as nursing).
As a result, the struggle for women's rights among various social strata of Russian society gives rise to a greater integrity in the organization of feminist groups.
During this time the first 'working women's clubs' were opened, associations of urban women and men who supported the feminist movement, dedicated to opening libraries, labor offices, giving vocational courses, setting up product workshops for women and other social projects.
With the pseudo-democratic reforms of Tsar Alexander III we see another important leap, the creation of the Duma and the eventual adoption of universal suffrage under progressive-reformist governments (we are talking about Stolypin).
Although it is true that these democratic reforms were a victory for women, they also had other side effects.
Mainly the fact that the majority of Russian women were 'conservative' or apolitical, so their vote was one of the reasons for the progressives' defeat in post-voting reform elections (which had helped hand victory to right-wing governments, we are talking about the governments led by Mikhail Skobelev).
And of course, the increase in legal equality with respect to the male gender in the political environment was a very useful platform for further developments in this area.
The next big breakthrough for the feminist movement in Russia comes in the first decades of the long reign of Tsar Nicholas II.
The creation of the Constitution of the Russian Empire, created by the government of Nicholas II, resulted in the beginnings of full legal equality between women and men.
But this is not the end of the Russian feminist movement, which was still facing several problems and would make several advances for various reasons.
For example, after the Russian civil war, with the beginnings of Russian economic reconstruction, Russian women began to become massively involved in the social development of the Russian Empire as never before.
But of course Russian society is not a monolith (the most complex and/or numerous societies tend to have great variety), and the feminist movement found itself divided by several factors.
Socio-cultural factors (the patriarchal and/or patrilineal nature of Russian society, the influence of religion on social relations, etc.) and ideological-political factors.
From a socio-cultural point of view, it is natural that the feminist movement encountered opponents within various groups in Russian society.
For religious, cultural or other social stigma reasons, which still had a strong prevalence in Tsarist society (although from a legal point of view this had progress, not all human groups follow the same rhythm).
Furthermore, after the Russian civil war, in this socio-cultural aspect the feminist movement found itself divided between 'working women' (belonging to the lower-middle class, workers and peasants) and 'bourgeois women' (belonging to the upper-middle class, burgeois and nobility).
Bourgeois and noble women had been a key part of the first decades of the Russian feminist movement, but after the Russian civil war, more and more cracks began to open between the 'ordinary' woman and the woman of 'high society' of Russia (the difference between economic assets is important in this aspect, the concerns of working women and bourgeois women could find a common space in some issues, but differed in others).
And from a ideological-political point of view, we find similar divisions.
Immediately after the Russian civil war and the reforms of Nicholas II, with the rise of new political thought, the feminist movement also found itself moving and 'evolving' in various circles.
One of the most notorious cases is how the Grand Duchess Maria of Russia (daughter of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia), would mobilize a feminist movement aligned with the New Right. In a sense, opposed to the feminist movement of the Russian left.
Though of course this would also be overly simplistic, as we also find other divisions within the political Left and feminism in the Russian Empire.
An important division within leftist feminism was the Premiership of Iosif V. Stalin and the First Stalinism, while Premier Stalin did advocate for legal equality between women and men, and also other progressive policies for the time, he did still held some important conservative views (and potentially slowed the progress of Russian feminism until at least the 1950s).
By this we mean the natalist policies and other important laws of the Russian Empire, which favored the family-motherly role of women, in a sense supporting conservative views on 'family values' (attacking contraceptive methods and abortion).
Of course there were feminist anti-Stalinist groups, but the Russian left was heavily dominated by the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party and its Trudovik allies, leaving these movements on the fringe of Russian politics most of the time.
Women had been emancipated from previous legal barriers, but great importance was still attached to their role as domestic workers and mothers. A role that was still closely linked to a society before the emancipation of women.
However, we cannot deny the results and merits of the natalist and welfare policies supported by the government of Tsar Nicholas II and the First Stalinism, which helped Russia a lot in the interwar period and in the period after the Third War(supporting the remarkable Russian population growth, which eventually led to a billion inhabitants).
Precisely these aforementioned policies would also help the sustainability of Russian families in various social strata, with monetary aid to large families, single parents (starting with single mothers and later extending to single fathers), important legal-economic protections and the like.
After the 20s and 30s there were different better or worse times for Russian feminism, which it is possible to study.
In modern times most of Russian society is still 'conservative' (although as mentioned, there are always exceptions and major advances) but there are still important achievements.
An example is the wide participation of women in politics, with some of the most important political parties and/or political aparatus of the Russian Empire being composed in a 25% by women (in terms of membership in the 2000s-2020s).
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Russian women's march in the second half of the XX century - "Glory to the mother, raiser of children, tireless laborer at work and at home!"
An important point for the government of Tsar Nicholas II in this matter was between the 8th and the 22nd of July of the year of 1924, where the first All-Russian Women's Congress (Всероссийский женский конгресс / Vserossiyskiy zhenskiy kongress) of the post-Russian civil war and martial law period was held (the mentioned martial law and civil war, for obvious reasons, were a brief recess in the feminist organizations of Russia).
In general, the event, due to the aforementioned now-vigorous participation of women in Russian society, is seen as a possible turning point within Russian feminism (causing the aforementioned schisms and divisions in the women's rights movement).
The event did commemorate the late Empress Elena (who was an icon of charity and social activities) as a sign of good will, but after this there was no longer much unity within the movement.
The first great victories (rights, suffrage and more) had been achieved: Now what? It was the question that feminists asked themselves, marking a possible division (within Russia) between a 'first wave' of Feminism and the forerunners of a 'second wave' of Feminism.
Though of course, there are different interpretations or understandings of what happened at the 1924 Congress and the evolution of Russian feminism from that point forward.
Some feminist thinkers of the 20th century saw women's rights in the New Russia of Tsar Nicholas II, as a fairly progressive country. But others saw and criticized Russia under Nicholas II and Stalin as simply as a 'Neo-Patriarchy' (a term for a new form of patriarchy within the 'New Russia' and its society).
*[Trivia]: Potentially the only mistake in Tsar Alexander III's progressive policies, is that they eventually gave rise to Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum/Ayn Rand (the screenwriter dunked on so hard by Sergei Eisenstein and Mao Zedong -among other Russian directors-, that decided to write philosophy and eventually create 'Objectivism').
*******
[New Rumanism]
In September of 1924, important changes took place within the political situation in Romania and Russia with the beginning of the movement known as 'Nou Romanismul/Nou Românism' (New Romanism) in the city of Tatarbunar (Tатарбунары, located in the region of Bessarabia ).
As mentioned, the New Romanism was the proposal of a unification between the Romanians and the Moldavians, under the banner of the House of Romanov (New Rome) and therefore, the Russian Empire.
An idea that arose from a Russian-Moldovan and Romanian intelligentsia (Romanian Russophiles), and become popular, for several reasons:
*The reforms of Tsar Alexander III in terms of education and development motivated causes against independence for the Moldovans, giving great strength to the idea of 'Moldavism'.
The Moldovans started enormously to not see themselves as a single one-nation united with the Romanians, they started to see themselves more as a brotherly people of the Romanians (a proposal accepted by the Moldovan inhabitants of Bessarabia with relative ease, in which they wrote in 'Moldovan' or Russian not in 'Romanian').
For very simple reasons, the benefits of being part of the Russian empire compared to being part of Romania and the relationship between the Bessarabia region with the rest of the Russian Empire (the Moldovan peasants were very supported by Saint Petersburg-Moscow under Tsar Alexander III and Nicholas II, whose long reigns obviously affected Moldovan culture to some extent), were much bigger for the Moldovans than a potential union with Romania in Romanian terms.
**Actually the issue of separation between similar languages and dialects, or similar cultures and 'sub-cultures', is more complicated and blurred than it seems at first glance.
Many say that in reality, languages are dialects with armies (in this case many would say Moldovan is a language and many others would say it is not, because it benefits different perspectives and positions).
*The growth of the Slavic population (Russian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian) and the influence of non-Moldavian populations such as the Gagauz/Gagauzlar Turks in Bessarabia was also a strong support for the unification between Bessarabia and Romania on terms favorable to the Russian side.
*Russia's success in its campaigns for Orthodoxy, which led to greater ties between the Russian Orthodox Church with the rest of the world (Romania being an Orthodox country also suffered the consequences of these events, like the new Russian influence in world Orthodoxy after the liberation of Tsargrad).
*The Russian Empire had become de-facto the Great Power of Eastern Europe, and its Covenant of Nations (sphere of influence) had quite well engulfed Romania, which had entered a constant socio-economic decline and therefore, in a cycle of dependence on Russia (which enjoyed enormous influence in Romania).
Because of this the term 'sovereignty' became blurred, obviously the Romanians could not take territory away from the 'Big Brother' of the Covenant. But with the lines of national identities beginning to blur, the possibility of Romania joining Russia was growing.
Romania's relations with other Covenant countries and Imperial Russia also helped. For example, various Bulgarians (who also had their own movement for greater unification with Russia) played a notable role in supporting New Romanism.
*The succession race in Russia: With Maria of Russia (daughter of Tsar Nicholas II) married to the Crown Prince of Romania (Prince Nicholas, son of Ferdinand I) and soon Grand Duke Cyril married to Princess Maria (daughter of Ferdinand I), led to the promotion of pro-Russian factions and even more Russian interests within Romania.
As a consequence of these relations between the royal houses and the succession debate, there is a great popularity of New Romanism within Romania (after all, the success of the House of Romanov within the country was clear).
**Also the increasingly closer ties between Romanian and Russian influent families.
With this breeding ground, on September 15 of 1924, the movement of the 'New Romanism and New Romanitas' (Roman-ness, which takes its name from the political and cultural concepts and practices by which the Romans defined themselves) was founded in Tatarbunar.
Essentially a new-Romanism 'Romanov Party' or Romanov movement founded by Romanian-Russian supporters of Grand Duchess Maria of the House of Romanov and her husband Crown Prince Nicholas. Later there would be also a brachn more fond to Gran Duke Cyril and his Romanian wife (princess Maria of Romania).
The New Romanitas was founded by Moldovans, Ukrainians, Russians, Bulgarians, Jews, Gagauz, and other citizens from major ethnic-cultural groups, who soon spread their popularity throughout the settlements of Chishmia, Akmangit, Nerushai, Mikhailovka, and Galileshty in Bessarabia, and various cities of Moldavia (Romania).
Speaking of organisations, Romanian parties also began to align themselves with this New Romanism between 1925 and 1929. The right was naturally drawn towards Grand Duchess Maria and Crown Prince Nicholas, with center-left parties (moderates) aligned to the liberal Grand Duke Cyril and princess Maria.
Being the youngest and without such strong ties to Romania, Grand Duke Sergei was not as supported among the New Romanitas of Romania or Bessarabia, but he still had some support within the 'Left Romanitas' (the movement supporting Sergei in Romania) and the Moldovan peasants.
For example Romanian writers Mihail Sadoveanu and Constantin Ion Parhon (and Russian figures such as Bessarabian-born Iustin Nikolaevich Batishchev) supported New Romanism and Grand Duke Sergei over Maria or Cyril.
This international movement would soon be consolidated to overcome the obstacles presented in Romania, another factor in the success of the movement was that Ferdinand I of Romania died relatively shortly after the founding of the movement (in 1927).
Leading to the reorganization of Romania under a new monarchy and undoubtedly changing the balance of power, further motivating the New Romanitas within the Kingdom of Romania to take a pro-Russian position.
*******
*[Perspective: After the purge against Kamenev]
"But could not the division of the Party create problems for the next elections?" Grand Duke Sergei questions his mentor, Sergei Kirov.
"Most of Kamenev's allies don't favor splitting the party, we should be fine. We also count on the Trudoviks in case we lose some votes." Kirov guarantees to the young Seryozha.
"If you say so." Seryozha accepts the words of the elder.
"Alright, now that you mention it, speaking of elections, I have some ideas that might be useful to you." Kirov proposes to young Seryozha. "It is true that the elections are approaching, a large part of our party is made up of industrial workers, peasants and white-collar workers, and after the recent votation, at this crucial moment we need a new deputy secretary for Party Committees in some rural localities."
"Are you already offering me a serious job?" Seryosha asks with emotion.
"No, I'm offering you time to put into practice what I've been teaching you. Work among people." Kirov points.
"I accept then." Seryozha exclaims.
"I didn't tell you where." Kirov mentions.
"I already accepted." The Grand Duke insists.
"That's the spirit." Kirov adds with a slight smile.
"And that's how it was." Kirov reports young Seryozha's decision to Premier Stalin and Tsar Nicholas II, at first the Tsar's blood pressure was quite high but he managed to calm down.
"Okay, Sergei is an adult now, he should be able to take care of himself." Nicholas II still indicates, but still with concern, after all he was the boy's father. "Man I need a drink."
"I still have my doubts, of course the Grand Duke is educated in this kind of state affairs, but it doesn't mean that he has the experience or ability." Premier Stalin indicates.
"But he won't gain the experience if he doesn't have the opportunity to do it." Kirov once again argues in favor of his protégé.
"True, but perhaps sending him to a city in northern Siberia at 18 is not the most suitable level for him. Did you at least study properly what kind of people are going to be with him? If he is surrounded by bootlickers, he is not to gain anything really, they are going to rot him." Stalin mentions once again.
"Molotov helped me with that, I'm sure Seryozha is in good hands and ready for the task."
"I once served as governor of Manchuria, good times." Nicholas II mentions arriving again, with coffee this time.
The Romanov family said goodbye to the Grand Duke Sergei on the Trans-Siberian, after a few kilometers the Grand Duke would take another railway to his destination.
Tsar Nicholas II and Sergei were saddened by the temporary farewell, but both would get over it. Maria and Cyril thought of this more as Sergei's hasty departure from the succession issue, and they continued to attack each other (figuratively) as soon as Sergei left.
Grand Duke Sergei soon became one of the deputy secretaries of the RSDLP in the Far East, he was in charge to help in affairs in the city of Monastyrskoye (after 1930, known as Turukhansk), located in the Krasnoyarsk Krai (Siberia).
Monastyrskoye was founded as a community of monks at the confluence of the Lower Tunguska with the Yenisei, about 120 kilometers south of the Arctic Circle and about 2,854 km from Moscow.
Seryosha's job was less 'administration' and more helping with day-to-day matters with occasional minor paperwork, such as helping the community (made up of Russians, Ukrainians, Germans and Kets) and assisting with the river port projects of the city (a port that worked mainly between May and September).
At first the Grand Duke thought of leaving, but finally he remained in Monastyrskoye and began a period of years in regional work that undoubtedly marked his 'political' career.
After working as a deputy secretary, the plan was to work his way up through county administration and eventually into government politics, first in the Siberia-Far East region and then again into European Russia.
A slow and difficult path, but very useful for the young Seryozha to prove his worth within the RSLDP and before the emperor, one amazing fact of the Grand Duke is that similar to his father before him, Sergei served as Governor for a Russian province, although it was not Manchuria but Primorsky (without his father giving him the job).
It was certainly different from what his siblings did (who jumped right into hobnobbing with major figures and great political activism, without a career as deep as the one Seryosha ended up having).
"To the teacher, V.V. Martyshin.
I have received your letter about the arts of Vasily Stalin. Thank you for your letter.
I answer with a great delay due to the overload of work. I apologize.
Vasily is a spoiled young man of average abilities, a savage (like a type of Scythian!), he is not always truthful, likes to blackmail weak "leaders", he is often impudent, with a weak or, rather, disorganized will.
He was spoiled by all sorts of "godfathers" and "gossips", now and then, emphasizing that he was "the son of Stalin."
I am glad that in your person, there was at least one self-respecting teacher who treats Vasily like everyone else and demands from him the impudent submission to the general regime at school. Vasily is spoiled by the director, like the one you mentioned, people-rags who have no place in school, and if the impudent Vasily has not yet managed to ruin himself, it is because there are some teachers in our country who do not let the capricious barchuk get off the ground.
My advice: Demand stricter from Vasily and not be afraid of false blackmail threats of the capricious about "suicide". You will have my support in this.
Unfortunately, I myself am not able to tinker with Vasily. But I promise to take him by the collar from time to time.
Привет!"
-Letter from Premier I.V. Stalin to the teacher of one of his sons (Vasily), probably around 1938.
This letter from Stalin to his son's teacher exemplifies well why initially the statesman might have had doubts about Sergei Nikolaevich Romanov's meddling within the RSLDP, even if it had been a benefit to the party.
*******
[International]
July 2, an incident between Croatia-Slovenia and Socialist Italy occurs, when Italian border patrolmen fire on Croatian-Slovene soldiers (resulting in two Croatian-Slovenian soldiers killed and one Croatian-Slovenian civilian injured).
This briefly triggers a major diplomatic conflict, which could have triggered a war between the European Socialist Union and the British Empire (whose only Balkan ally was Croatia-Slovenia).
However cold heads remain, for the time being. The British manage to push back the belligerent postures of Croatia-Slovenia and the European Socialist Union does not make any major moves (indeed, naturally the Italians must apologize for the accident).
The main reason why the British decided to maintain this position was because of the maintenance of the Keynesian reforms, the British were simply buying more time until a 'definitive war'.
This is yet another instance of an 'aborted war' between the various countries during the interwar period prior to World War III.
July 5, guerrilla groups of the Communist Party of Brazil successfully organize themselves in the regions of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Paraíba, Amazonas and Pará.
The militias of the urban regions cause the parliament of the Empire of Brazil to launch a campaign of repression and martial law in various parts of the country (with a rapid increase in right-wing positions in the government).
However, the fight of the Brazilian Communists begins to go in the right direction (gaining popularity in various sections of the impoverished Brazilian imperial society). Although the urban guerrillas suffer setbacks due to the military superiority of the imperial government in 1924, the rural communist guerrillas (including a young Luís Carlos Prestes) manage to create communist strongholds in more inaccessible regions of Brazil, such as parts of the Amazon Rainforest.
The rise of leftist militancy and its movements throughout Brazil will result in a much more right-wing leaning on the part of the imperial government (with a pro-British faction and a pro-American faction).
July 6, elections in the Free Republic of Mexico lead to the re-election of Felipe Carrillo Puerto for his official 'first term' | (Felipe Carrillo Puerto had been vice president of Pancho Diaz and after his assassination, interim president).
This new government of Felipe Carrillo Puerto continues his previous policies of development and construction of socialism in Mexico, but now the Mexican president is also beginning to train his possible successors.
By possible successors, we refer primarily to Francisco José Múgica and Lázaro Cárdenas, who headed the extreme left wing of the Communist Party of Mexico.
July 8, several of the groups that make up the Communist International of the European Socialist Union begin to advocate the need for unrestricted worldwide immigration (basically the freedom of movement that existed for citizens of member countries of blocs such as the ESU and the Covenant , but globally) due to the racist policies in various countries (like the Imperial Federation, East Germany, USA or the Emirate of Ha'il).
Obviously such a project has never been carried out outside of regional blocs, but it is an interesting idea when the world's geo-political blocs were just in their early years (later further consolidated due to World War III and the Great Cold War).
In modern times while freedom of movement within blocs of countries still exists, and there may be movement treaties between blocs, there is no such thing as 'unrestricted worldwide immigration'.
July 15, with the success of their economic reconstruction policies, the British launch a cooperation campaign with the Kingdom of Italy in exile (Tunisia-Libya).
Through these a new project of railways and ports is created that are useful for the British colonies in North Africa, and future geopolitical projects (military campaigns).
Birth of Makhmud Alisultanovich Esambayev, famous Russian-Chechen dancer.
July 19, 400 members of the Toba people (or Qom people) are massacred by the Argentine police and ranchers, in the event known as the Napalpí massacre.
To this day, decades after the massacre, no one has been punished for these crimes and the few lands that remain in aboriginal ownership are being continually encroached.
July 22, a reform in Japan's nationality laws indicates that Japanese children born abroad would lose their nationality if the parents or legal guardians did not explicitly announce the desire for the child to retain Japanese nationality fourteen days after birth.
July 25, British communists in exile launch a campaign to their 'comrades under the dictatorship of London', called "An Open Letter to the Fighting Forces" (excerpts of which include statements such as: "Neither in a class war nor in a military war, will you turn your guns on your fellow workers - Turn your weapons on your oppressors").
A series of pamphlets and more, which the communists hope will reach citizens of the Imperial Federation in the British Isles.
The All-British Party civil-military dictatorship manages to block most of this communist propaganda successfully, and they launch their own propaganda campaign against communism.
Tensions between British bloc countries and communist countries have always been quite high for obvious reasons.
July 28, numerous deaths in southern parts of the British Raj due to flooding.
August 1, birth of prince Abdul Rahman bin Saud Al Rashid, son of Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid (emir of the Emirate of Ha'il) and Fahda bint Asi bin Shuraim Al Shammari (daughter of Asi bin Shuraim Al Shammari, a the sheikh of the southern part of the Shammar tribe).
Prince Abdul Rahman was not the first son of Emir Saud, in 1913 the emir had Mishaal bin Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Rashid (also son of Fahda) and in 1915 the Emir had Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Rashid (mother: Lulwa Al- Salih Al-Sabhan).
But Abdul Rahman did become the eldest surviving son of the Emir and therefore heir apparent. This is because Mishaal was assassinated in the 1930s (family disputes...) and the line of Abdulazis bin Saud renounced the throne (Abdulazis died in the 1960s, before Emir Saud who died in 1973, Abdulazis's son decided to dedicate to poetry and avoid the throne).
220px-King_Abdullah_bin_Abdul_al-Saud_January_2007.jpg
Emir Abdul Rahman bin Saud Al Rashid in 2007.
(OOC: Yes, is indeed King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, I did this because OTL after the death of OTL Saud bin Abdulazis, Fahda marry Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman, King of Saudi Arabia, and so she become mother of Kind Abdullah).
August 3, death of the Polish and British-French writer Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski (Joseph Conrad, born in Russian Poland but more related to the British Empire and France), known not only for his literary work, but also for his working relationship with Pierre Curie against the Boulanger government in the Second French Empire.
After his death, Conrad was mainly honored in the République Populaire Démocratique de France.
August 10, Austrian-German volunteers join leftist guerrilla forces in northern Greece in their fight for socialism in the southern Balkans.
August 11, Lee de Forest makes a recording with his experimental Phonofilm.
Lee de Forest records President Henry Ford of the United States at the Executive Mansion, resulting in the oldest existing sound film recording of an American president.
August 12, some newspapers in Berlin (East Germany) claim to have indisputable proof that the European Socialist Union has established a secret court with the sole task of creating revolutionary activity in European colonies.
Which, to be honest, was not so far from reality considering the support of the socialists for anti-colonial movements, but it was certainly exaggerated in terms of numbers and size of said activity or support.
August 14, thousands of deaths are reported in the Republic of China, as a result of floods and problems associated with the civil war that exists in the country.
The Left Kuomintang, led by Liao Zhongkai and allied with the Communist Party of China, makes some progress, but the war is not over yet.
August 17, riots in Mandalay, Burma (part of the British colonial empire).
A political procession led by a Buddhist priest (associated with a self-government movement) results in two priests and two policemen killed, as well as many injured.
August 22, Democratic Party presidential candidate William Gibbs McAdoo Jr openly praises the KKK in a speech in New Jersey.
A speech that even at the time was controversial, mostly the polarization of the American public. It only caused scandal in the Democratic Party because of factionalism (some people just didn't want to be that open about ties between the KKK and the Democratic Party).
On September 1, two minutes of silence were observed nationwide in the Empire of Japan for the anniversary of the Great Kantō Earthquake.
Veterans association groups are starting to become popular within Russia, Serbia, Bosnia and Bulgaria.
September 3, military officers become increasingly involved in the national politics of Chile (one of the Latin American regimes associated with the Imperial Federation).
September 6, Mary Katherine Campbell (Miss Philadelphia and
winner of Miss America in 1922 and 1923) wins the fourth Miss America pageant.
The funny thing about the win is that this was the last time previous winners were eligible to enter the contest again.
The American gangster, John Dillinger, made his first attempt at committing a felony.
Dillinger and his friend Ed Singleton try to rob a grocery store in Mooresville (Indiana, USA). The two were soon arrested and sent to jail.
September 8, King-Emperor Edward VIII visits Canada and the United States shortly before the American elections.
September 9, Kerala Communists in the southern British Raj begin to have more success in coordinating independence movements in the region.
While this is an important achievement for later, India's independence from colonialism is still more than a decade away.
September 14, a primitive helicopter designed in socialist France manages to lift a load of 181.4 kilos (approximately 400 pounds) to 1 meter (and 10 centimeters) from the ground.
On September 15, East German astronomer Friedrich Simon Archenhold said that he saw what he believed to be an attempt by the inhabitants of Mars to contact Earth:
"I can't reveal everything I saw.
I am a scientist and I am not looking for journalistic sensations, but this is all I will say: I was dumbfounded by what I saw.
I could not believe what I was watching.
I thought maybe my kids had climbed onto the roof of the observatory and planted something in the telescope, but they didn't.
I now go to other observatories to discuss my findings with other scientists who are looking for an answer to the question of whether there is life on Mars."
Archenhold's words earn him a certain renown in the strange scientific community that develops in East Germany during this time.
September 21, Adolf Hitler rises to political prominence in Sweden, edging ever closer to ultimate leadership of the country at just 35 years old.
In 1928, Hitler will become the definitive leader of the Swedish Social Aristocracy despite his relatively humble and Austrian origins (he is considered Aryan and Nordic-Germanic because he has no verifiable Jews among his ancestors).
September 28, there is a small 'Nestorian revival' between some portions of the Republic of Cilicia, Kurdistan and Russian Kurdistan, due to the immigration of some Nestorians from Assyria and Northern Iraq to the mentioned territories.
It doesn't end in much because the Nestorians are vastly outnumbered, but it is one of many curious movements and groups that exist within the Covenant (and the curious thing is that it is related to the old Christian-Nestorian faith).
September 29, in socialist Italy, architect Mario Palanti proposes what at the time would have been the world's largest skyscraper, a 457-meter (about 1499/1,500-foot tall) pyramidal building with 4,500 rooms, a concert hall, and a huge gym for the training of Olympic athletes.
The building is not exactly as Palanti envisioned it, but it is built and is one of the monumental structures that dominate socialist Italy today.
* After this achievement, around the end of the 20s, Palanti moves to Latin America (living between Argentina and Uruguay), where he is the architect of some of the largest buildings in South America.
Wöchentlicher Energiestatus
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Rangliste 
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Stein