With public opinion increasingly hostile towards the Prussia and Germany, massive civilian protests and demonstrations erupted.
From Paris to Rome, any French city with a population over fifty thousand experienced protest activities.
A variety of slogans could be heard incessantly, against coal profiteering, unemployment, demands for higher wages and better treatment, demands for the government to further liberalize the right to vote... and so on, with social groups, relevant or not, all coming forward.
For a moment, the whole of Europe heard the voices of the French people, although these voices were somewhat chaotic and confusing to comprehend.
In the Palace of Versailles, hearing the heart-wrenching cries of the people outside, Napoleon IV was enraged.
Public opinion?