Without more context, it's impossible to know who 'he' specifically is. It could be anyone from an acquaintance, a friend, or even a family member who has used a real - life - based situation to deceive you.
Maybe it implies that he deceived me in a real story. 'Played me' can have the sense of tricking or manipulating someone. So it could be about a situation where he used me for his own advantage or misled me.
In a friendship story. We were both interested in a girl. He played me by spreading false rumors about me to the girl so that she would choose him instead of me. That's a situation where 'he played me true story' can apply.
It could mean that he deceived or manipulated you, and this situation was inspired by real - life events. For example, maybe he used a real - life scenario as a model to trick you into believing something false.