Perhaps one of the Titans who were banished to Tartarus. They might see Percy as a threat to their plans of revenge or escape. Kronos, if he still has some form of existence in Tartarus, could be a major antagonist. He would have his own motives and powers, and he could try to manipulate Percy or simply get rid of him.
The main antagonist could also be a new, made - up creature in the fanfic. A being that was created by the dark forces of Tartarus and whose sole purpose is to keep anyone who enters from leaving. This creature could have unique abilities that are specifically designed to counter Percy's powers, making it a formidable foe for him.
Nyx could be a great main antagonist. She's a primordial goddess of the night and Tartarus is her domain in a way. She might see Percy and his friends as intruders and try to stop them from leaving or achieving their goals. She could use her power over darkness and the unknown to create all sorts of obstacles for them.
Maybe an old and powerful monster that has long been trapped in Tartarus could be the main antagonist. It sees Percy as a threat or a source of entertainment, and it tries to stop him from finding a way out or from getting stronger.
It could be Nyx. She is a very powerful primordial goddess in Tartarus. Since Percy is alone, she might see him as an easy target or a threat to her domain. Nyx could send all sorts of dark creatures and illusions to stop Percy from achieving whatever goal he has in Tartarus.
The main antagonist could be Nyx. She is a powerful primordial goddess of the night, and Tartarus is her domain in a way. She might see Percy as an intruder and try to stop him from escaping or achieving his goals there.
It could be another powerful god or goddess who wants to use Percy's betrayal of Tartarus for their own gain. Maybe a god of chaos who sees this as an opportunity to create more disorder in the world. They might manipulate Percy into the betrayal and then turn on him later.
He could find some minor gods or goddesses who have been banished to Tartarus. They might see Percy as a way to get revenge on the Olympians or simply a means to escape. Another potential ally could be some of the more intelligent monsters, like a centaur who has been there for a long time and has knowledge of the place.
Perhaps the antagonist could be a corrupted demigod. Someone who was also in Tartarus, but instead of coming out stronger in spirit like Percy, they were twisted by the darkness there. They now want to bring that same darkness to the world of the demigods and see Percy as the main obstacle to their plans.
Obviously, Percy is one of the main characters. Since he's the one sent to Tartarus. There might also be some of his old friends who play important roles, like Annabeth. Maybe she's on a quest to save him, so she becomes a central figure in the fanfiction.
It's possible that an unexpected character like a friendly Titan could rescue Percy. There could be a Titan who has had a change of heart and realizes that Percy is important for the balance of the world. This Titan might use its own knowledge of Tartarus and its powers to free Percy from the clutches of that terrifying place.
It could be a powerful demon that escaped Tartarus along with Percy. This demon might be bent on causing chaos and destruction in the mortal and demigod worlds. It has a personal vendetta against Percy for surviving Tartarus when it believes he should have perished there.