One element to consider is the point of view. Is it first - person, third - person limited or third - person omniscient? This affects how we understand the story. Then there's the symbolism. Symbols can add depth to the story. For example, a red rose might symbolize love. The tone of the story is also important. Is it humorous, sad, or suspenseful? In an English book report for a short story, all these elements help to give a comprehensive analysis.
The plot is crucial. You should be able to summarize it clearly. Also, the characters. Their personalities and how they interact. For example, in a detective short story, the detective's cleverness and how he or she outwits the criminal. Another element is the setting. It sets the mood. A spooky old mansion as a setting creates a different mood than a sunny beach. And don't forget the theme, which is the underlying message of the story.