The imperial seals of the Warring States Period and the Qin and Han Dynasties were mainly official seals

The names of the official seals of the Warring States Period were: Yi, Tu 'er, Er, Zuo Sima, Yu Zi Sefu, Wen Fan Du Si Tu, Zhou Yi, Zai Zhi Yi, Jie

The seals of the Warring States Period had various shapes, materials, and the arrangement of the seals. In terms of shape, the seals of the Warring States Period were varied, including square, round, rectangular, oval, triangular, and other shapes. Among them, most of them were square, accounting for more than 80% of the total. In terms of materials, the seal of the Warring States Period used a variety of materials, including metal, jade, clay, and so on. Among them, copper was the main material, accounting for more than 90% of the total. In terms of the arrangement of the seals, the Warring States seals focused on the structure of a single character, and the overall standard was not as good as that of the Han Dynasty. The printing surface widely used the frame, the frame was wide and matched with the thin raised text, while the intaglionic text added more double columns. There were official seals, private seals, auspicious seals, and Xiao seals. The official seal was the token of the imperial court, while the private seal was mainly used for names and seals. The auspicious seal reflected the beautiful demands of the ancients to pray for blessings. The Xiao seal was mostly engraved with patterns of birds, beasts, dragons and phoenixes. The seal of the Warring States Period had exquisite craftsmanship and various artistic expressions. It had a pure, natural, and unrestrained expression. In general, the seals of the Warring States showed their variety and regional characteristics in terms of shape, material, and arrangement of seals.

The seal of the Warring States Period was engraved with the ancient language of the Warring States Period, using the Yin and Yang methods. The structure of the seal was compact, the strokes were round and varied, and the layout of the seal was well-arranged, harmonious and natural. The seals of the Warring States Period used a wide frame, which was often matched with the thin raised characters, while the engraved characters were often added with a column. The seal of the Warring States Period was neat and compact, eye-catching, and overall not as neat as the Han Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, although there were differences in the seals of various countries, they were all mature, and there was no specific seal or artistic variation.

The price range of the private seal of the Warring States Period. According to the document [2], an ordinary official seal of the Qin and Han Dynasties would cost about 40,000 to 50,000 yuan, while a high-grade jade seal of the Marquis Guiniu of the Warring States Period would cost more than a million yuan. It was mentioned in the document [3] that in 2000 - 2001, the general nose button Qin and Han seals were around 300 - 400 yuan, and the ancient seals of the Warring States Period and other button seals were slightly more expensive. Based on this information, it could be inferred that the price of the private seal of the Warring States Period should be between a few hundred yuan and a million yuan.

The search results did not provide any specific information about the seal of the Warring States Period. Therefore, the pictures of the complete collection of seals of the Warring States Period could not be provided.

The seals of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period had the following characteristics: various styles, the arrangement of the seals was scattered and bright, there were rules to follow in the strangeness, the format was rich and colorful, and the casting and chiseling techniques were exquisite. The makers of ancient seals were influenced by the thoughts of a hundred schools of thought. They had a lot of freedom and innovation, and the variety of styles was far from what later generations could compare with. Most of the ancient seals were in their original state, without any rules or regulations. The characters were rarely decorated, and innocence was naturally the distinctive feature of the ancient seal. The usage of the ancient seals of the Warring States Period was extensive and varied. The ancient seals of the Warring States Period were divided into official seals, private seals, auspicious seals and Xiao seals. The official seal was the token of the imperial court and the evidence for officials to exercise their authority. Private Seals were mainly used for name seals and personal seals. The appearance of the auspicious seal reflected the beautiful appeal and pursuit of the ancients. Most of the seals were engraved with various totem patterns such as birds, beasts, dragons, and phoenixes. It was speculated that they were used to seal them. In general, the seals of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period presented a variety of styles and forms, reflecting the pluralistic society and the free development of aesthetic concepts at that time.

The Spring and Autumn Warring States Period was a very important period in Chinese history. It was also a critical period for the development of culture, ideology, economy, and politics in Chinese history. During this period, many countries rose up and formed many famous cultures and ideologies such as Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism, etc. The Qin, Han, and Three Kingdoms were the three important dynasties in this historical period. They were the Qin, Han, and Three Kingdoms. These three dynasties left a profound influence on Chinese history and had a great impact on later generations. After Qin unified the six states, it implemented a series of reforms, including the implementation of Legalism, strengthening the central power, unifying the currency, weights and measures, etc. The Han Dynasty inherited the system and culture of the Qin State, developed agriculture, craftsmanship, and commerce, created the imperial examination system, and implemented a series of important political, economic, and cultural reforms. During the period of the Three Kingdoms, China experienced political division and war, which formed the situation of the Three Kingdoms, which had a profound impact on the development of Chinese history. Studying the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties is a very important field of research. It can provide an in-depth understanding of the culture, ideology, and historical development of this period, understand the changes and evolution of the political system of the past dynasties in China, and the formation and development of Chinese cultural traditions.

Seals had different characteristics and evolutions in different dynasties. During the Warring States Period, the ancient seal was a general term for seals. The shapes were square, round, rectangular, and irregular. The ancient seals of the Warring States Period were divided into white seals and red seals. Most of the seals in white were official seals, which were mainly chiseled. Most of them had a frame, and there were also vertical or cross lines added in the middle of the text area. Most of the seals were private seals, with a relatively wide border and a relatively thin seal. The characters used for the seals of the Qin Dynasty were called Qin Zhuan. Most of them were chiseled in white characters. The printed surface often had the character "Tian", and most of them were square. The official seals used by low-level officials were about half the size of ordinary square official seals. They were rectangular and had the character "Ri". They were called "semi-pass seals". The official seals of the Han Dynasty basically followed the Qin system, but the system had been slightly relaxed, and there were also those called "seals" by the princes and empress dowager. The seals of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited the Han style, but they were not as exquisite as those of the Han Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the red seal replaced the white seal, and the surface of the seal began to increase. Many official seals began to have the year title engraved on the back. Seals of different dynasties had different shapes, characters, and craftsmanship, reflecting the characteristics of the society and culture at that time.

The basic style of the official seal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was a large seal with red characters, size was generally five to six centimeters square. There was not much difference in the thickness of the strokes between the edges and the seal. The official seals of the Sui and Tang dynasties used small seal characters, but the seal characters were not as strict as those of the Qin and Han dynasties. Some strokes were twisted. The official seals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties had a sparse layout, with round turns and square folds, which had a childish interest. The increase in the printing area was to adapt to the replacement of bamboo slips with paper, as well as the need for Zhu Wen Qian to be printed on paper. The official seals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were mainly made by casting and welding. The welding seal was also called the "coiling seal". In general, the style of the official seal of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was relatively simple and eye-catching, reflecting the reform and development of the official seal system at that time.

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