Before 1949, what were the main shortcomings of the development of Chinese comparison literature?

The shortcoming of Chinese contemporary literature was that it lacked sufficient international influence and a wide audience. Although contemporary Chinese literature has an important position in the history of Chinese literature, its influence and audience are still small compared to other international literature. This may be due to the influence of the political and social environment in the past few decades, as well as the influence brought about by the rapid development of global and information technology. Chinese contemporary literature also faced some challenges and restrictions. For example, some important literary works could not be publicly published or released in China due to censoring and restrictions, which also limited readers 'understanding and acceptance of literary works. In addition, the transformation of Chinese literature is also facing challenges, such as how to balance the relationship between tradition and modern, nationality and foreign, literature and technology, and how to maintain the uniqueness and autonomy of literature in the context of global and information. The development of contemporary Chinese literature still faces many opportunities and challenges. It needs constant exploration and innovation to expand its influence and audience and improve its literary quality and level.

There were many similarities between Chinese and foreign literature. For example, they both paid attention to human emotions and the inner world, and discussed life philosophy and social issues. However, there were also many differences, such as cultural background, historical traditions, art forms, and so on. Chinese literature has a long history and a profound traditional culture. Chinese literature emphasized emotions and human nature, often describing the inner world of characters and the changes in emotions, such as classic works such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Water Margins. Chinese literature also paid attention to social reality and people's lives, such as historical dramas such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West. Foreign literature originated from novels such as One Hundred Years of Solitude and 1984, which emphasized personality and freedom and often depicted the spiritual world and behavior of characters. Foreign literature also paid attention to social reality, such as novels like The Catcher in the Rye and Jane Eyre. In terms of artistic forms, Chinese literature usually uses classical literary forms such as poetry, prose, opera, etc. while foreign literature uses modern literary forms such as novels, plays, movies, etc. Chinese literature focused on words and liked to use rhetoric, while foreign literature focused more on description and narration. Generally speaking, both Chinese literature and foreign literature have their own unique characteristics and styles. They learn from each other and promote each other.

The Chinese Literature journals included: 1 Literature Review 2. The World of Fictions 3 " Chinese Fictions " 4 Literature and Art News Literature Harbor 6 China 7 "Literature Legacy" 8 " Magazine " 9 " Selection of Long Stories " Novelette Selection 11 Short Story Selection 12 "Prose Selection" Poetry Selection 14." Contending in Literature and Art " The Reader Youth Literature These are some of the more well-known Chinese literature journals. They usually publish various types of literary works on a regular basis, including novels, poems, essays, plays, etc. There are also some that focus on culture, history, philosophy and other fields.

What are the problems in the development of modern Chinese literature? As I am a fan of online literature, I don't know much about the development of Chinese literature. The following answers are for reference only: The development of Chinese literary thoughts had a long history and continued to evolve with the changes of the times. In modern China, the development of literary thoughts is still affected by many factors such as culture, politics, society and so on. In recent years, the development of Chinese literature has been influenced by the new media. The rise of the Internet and social media accelerated the spread of Chinese literature and ideas, providing more forms of expression and space for literary creation. In addition, the development of Chinese literature also faced some challenges. For example, with the development of the economy and the improvement of people's living standards, people's needs for culture were constantly changing. The trend of thought in Chinese literature needed to adapt to this change and constantly bring forth new ideas to meet the needs of readers. There were still many problems to be faced in the development of Chinese literature. For example, the importance attached to traditional culture, the innovation and progress of literary creation, the development of cultural industries, and so on.

There were many differences between Chinese and Western cultures, the most obvious of which was the style and expression of literature. Chinese literature was more inclined to express traditional culture and history, while Western culture was more focused on expressing selfishness and free will. Chinese literary works often used traditional Chinese culture as the background, such as poetry, prose, opera, etc., which emphasized the transmission of emotions and artistic conception. The way of expression in Chinese literature was also more subtle, often requiring the readers to discover the hidden information in the works themselves. In contrast, Western culture paid more attention to the concept of selfishness and free will, which was expressed more directly, frankly, and explicitly in literary works. In Western culture, novels, poems, movies, and other works often depicted personal adventures, explorations, and growth. Through the protagonist's experiences, readers could feel the individual's free will and the meaning of life. In addition, the literary forms of Chinese literature and Western culture were very different. In Chinese literature, poetry had a relatively high status, but in Western culture, novels had an even higher status. In Chinese literature, prose, opera and other literary forms were more common, but rarely appeared in Western culture. Generally speaking, Chinese literature and Western culture were very different in terms of literary style, expression, and literary form. This difference reflected the history, tradition, values and background of different cultures. It was also an important aspect of the exchange and integration of Chinese and Western cultures.

The development of Chinese literature can be traced back to ancient times. In China, literature is an ancient art form with a long history. As time passed, Chinese literature experienced many changes and developments, forming its own unique style and characteristics. In Chinese history, literature has gone through many different stages. As early as the late Neoliths, China already had written language, which was the earliest evidence of Chinese literature. With the development of history, literature gradually became an important art form and occupied an important position in Chinese culture. In the Pre-Qin period, there were many important works such as the Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu. During the Warring States Period, literature began to focus on expressing one's thoughts and feelings. Many famous literary works appeared, such as the Analects of Confucius and Mencius. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, literature entered a prosperous period, and many important literary works appeared, such as "Records of the Historian" and "Han Shu". At the same time, literature began to focus on describing social reality, and many important social criticism works appeared, such as Mo Zi and Han Feizi. In the Tang Dynasty, a new style and characteristics appeared in the literature known as Tang poetry. The poems of the Tang Dynasty were not only numerous but also of high quality, such as the works of Du Fu and Bai Juyi. In the Song Dynasty, there was a new period of prosperity in literature, and many important literary works appeared, such as "Water Margins","Journey to the West" and so on. At the same time, literature also began to focus on describing history and legends. Many important historical and legendary literary works appeared, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Dream of the Red Chamber, and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, literature underwent another important change, and a new form of literature appeared, called the novel. The novels of the Ming Dynasty were not only numerous but also of high quality, such as Water Margins, Journey to the West, Dream of the Red Chamber, etc. As time passed, Chinese literature experienced many different changes and developments, forming its own unique style and characteristics.

The overall development of Chinese literature in the 1980s mainly included the following aspects: 1. The rise of realistic literature: In the early 1980s, the Chinese classical novels represented by Journey to the West and Water Margins began to change in the direction of realism. With the rise of the market economy, literary works began to pay more attention to reflecting real life, emphasizing social criticism and human nature exploration. 2. Activity of modernist literature: In the late 1980s, modernist literature began to become popular in China. The representative figures were Chen Zhongshi, Jia Pingwa, etc. They presented the characteristics of modern literature through unique narrative methods, individual character creation and non-linear time structure. 3. The emergence of neo-realism: In the field of literature, neo-realism became an important genre. New realism emphasized the realism and authenticity of literature, attached importance to the characters and plots in literary works, and tried to reflect real life in a more objective and true way. The prosperity of prose literature: In the 1980s, prose literature began to rise and become an important branch of the literary field. Essayists paid attention to language expression and spiritual feelings, presenting a rich and colorful literary style. 5. The development of literary criticism: In the 1980s, literary criticism also showed a trend of vigorous development. Critists pay attention to the intension and extension of literary works, and analyze and interpret them in depth, which provides important reference for literary creation and readers 'appreciation.

The topic of Chinese and Western culture and literature was in the category of literature and history. This special topic will compare and analyze the differences between Chinese and Western cultures and literary traditions. It will discuss the occurrence, development, and characteristics of literary phenomena under different cultural backgrounds.

Chinese philology, ancient Chinese literature, and modern Chinese literature were the three branches of Chinese literature. The difficulty of taking the postgraduate entrance examination and the employment prospects were different. Chinese philology was a branch of philology that mainly studied Chinese characters, pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and meaning. The difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination is relatively high. It requires a deeper understanding of language and a good ability to express and read. In terms of employment prospects, graduates of Chinese language and literature could engage in education, culture, scientific research and other fields. Ancient Chinese literature mainly studies ancient Chinese literary masterpieces and cultural heritage. The difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination is relatively low, but it requires a relatively rich historical and cultural knowledge. In terms of employment prospects, graduates of ancient Chinese literature could engage in literary research, education, and cultural industries. Modern and contemporary Chinese literature mainly studies modern and contemporary Chinese literary works and cultural heritage. The difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination is relatively low, but it requires a relatively rich knowledge of literary works and cultural background. In terms of employment prospects, graduates of modern and contemporary Chinese literature could engage in literary research, education, and cultural industries. Generally speaking, the difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination for Chinese language and philology was relatively high, but the employment prospects were relatively broad; the difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination for ancient Chinese literature was relatively low, but the employment direction was relatively concentrated; the difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination for modern and contemporary Chinese literature was relatively low, and the employment prospects were relatively broad.

Comparative literature and literary comparison are both methods of studying literary phenomena, but the focus and scope are different. The purpose of this field is to explore the essence, function, development process, and aesthetic features of literature by comparing literary phenomena in different cultures and historical backgrounds. The content of the study of literature includes the content, structure, style, language, character creation, plot, and theme of literary works. It focuses on the differences and commonalities of literature in different cultures and historical backgrounds. Literature comparison is more focused on the similarities and differences between literary works, aiming to reveal the connection and interaction between literary phenomena in different cultures and historical backgrounds. The study of literature comparison includes the types, theme, technique, style, acceptance and evaluation of literary works. It focuses on comparing the similarities and differences between literary works of different cultures and historical backgrounds to explore the relationship between culture, history and human experience behind literary phenomena. Therefore, although the methods and contents of comparison literature and literature comparison are different, they are both important ways to study literary phenomena and provide important reference for the development and understanding of literature.