What were the characteristics of commercial development in the Song Dynasty? Do you know the main reason for these characteristics?

The characteristics of commercial development in the Song Dynasty included: 1. Prosperity of commerce: The Song Dynasty was one of the most prosperous periods in the history of China's commercial development. The scale and density of commerce far exceeded other periods. 2. Diverse trade: In addition to the traditional domestic trade, the Song Dynasty also opened up the Silk Road and sea trade. 3. Commercial organizational forms: The commercial organizational forms of the Song Dynasty continued to be innovative, and professional merchants, merchants, guilds, and so on appeared. 4. Overseas trade: The Song Dynasty's overseas trade also developed rapidly, and the number of ships increased significantly, opening up road trade in Southeast Asia and Arabia. The main reasons for these characteristics were: 1. Prosperous economy: The Song Dynasty's economy was prosperous and the commodity economy developed rapidly. The handicraft industry and the mechanized agriculture also provided the conditions for the development of commerce. 2. Government support: The Song government implemented a series of policies that were conducive to commercial development, such as opening markets, allowing free trade, and establishing commercial taxes. 3. Diverse trade: In addition to the traditional domestic trade, the Song Dynasty also opened up the Silk Road and sea trade. 4. Commercial organizational forms: The commercial organizational forms of the Song Dynasty continued to be innovative, and professional merchants, merchants, and guilds appeared. The characteristics of commercial development in the Song Dynasty reflected the economic, political and cultural development at that time, which provided valuable experience and reference for the commercial development of later generations.

The Song Dynasty literature was one of the peak periods of ancient Chinese literature. 1. Prosperity of literature: The Song Dynasty was a period of prosperity in the history of Chinese literature. There were many works and rich literary styles. 2. Realism tendency: The realism tendency of Song Dynasty literature is obvious. Many works reflect social reality and expose social contradictions. 3. Paying attention to literary forms: Song Dynasty literature paid attention to the innovation and application of literary forms, such as lyrics, essays, etc. 4. The development of prose: The prose of the Song Dynasty developed rapidly and became one of the main forms of literature in the Song Dynasty. The content of the prose was extensive and the form was flexible. The rise of the graceful and restrained school: The graceful and restrained school was a school of literature in the Song Dynasty. Li Qingzhao, Xin Qiji, etc. were the representatives. They were good at describing women's emotions and beautiful language. 6. The rise of the bold and unconstrained school: The bold and unconstrained school was another school of literature in the Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Xin Qiji, etc. represented them. They were good at expressing their lofty aspirations and patriotic feelings. The Song Dynasty was one of the most important periods in the history of Chinese literature.

The Song Dynasty was an important period in the history of Chinese literature. There were many literary schools, and the main mainstream form was Ci. Ci originated from the Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the Song Dynasty, becoming an independent literary genre in the field of literature. What was the reason for this development? During the Song Dynasty, the economy was prosperous and the commodity economy developed rapidly. The people's living standards improved, and the demand for culture increased day by day. At the same time, the Song government adopted a series of cultural policies such as encouraging literary and artistic creation, promoting literature and art, and establishing literary awards to promote the prosperity of literature. There were many literary schools in the Song Dynasty, including the bold and unconstrained school, the graceful and restrained school, the school of reason, and so on. These schools all had their own characteristics and styles. As an important form of literature, Ci has unique artistic characteristics, including rhythm, image, artistic conception and so on. Therefore, it is deeply loved by people. The development of Song Ci was even more than that of Tang Ci. In the Tang Dynasty, poetry was the main form of literature, while Ci was relatively low-key. In the Song Dynasty, the status of Ci was increasing day by day. It not only became the main form of literature, but also an important part of culture. In short, the mainstream form of Song Dynasty literature was Ci. The reasons for its development were many, including economy, culture, policy, etc.

The figure painting of the Tang Dynasty was one of the most prosperous and glorious periods of ancient Chinese painting. 1. facial features: the facial features of the Tang Dynasty portrait are more realistic. The facial features, eyebrows, nose, mouth, ears and other details of the face are very clear and lifelike. In the paintings of the Tang Dynasty, one could often see the faces of the characters smiling, frowning, glaring, and other expressions. These expressions could better convey the emotions and psychological state of the characters. 2. Clothing features: The clothing features of the Tang Dynasty figure paintings were relatively rich, including the color, texture, style, pattern, etc. In the paintings of the Tang Dynasty, the costumes of the characters were often very gorgeous and coordinated with the rich characteristics of the era. 3. Body characteristics: The body characteristics of the Tang Dynasty figure paintings are relatively healthy, plump and balanced. In the Tang Dynasty paintings, the posture of the figures was more natural and lively. 4. Hairstyle features: The hairstyle features of the Tang Dynasty figure paintings were more diverse, including the color, style, position, etc. In the paintings of the Tang Dynasty, the hairstyles of the characters were often very delicate, which could better show the identity and status of the characters. The figure paintings of the Tang Dynasty had unique characteristics in terms of figure modeling, clothing, posture, etc. These characteristics could better display the style and cultural characteristics of the Tang Dynasty society.

The popular literature of the Song Dynasty was an important period in the history of Chinese literature. Popular among the people: The popular literature of the Song Dynasty was widely popular among the people. It not only spread widely in various fields of society at that time, but also left a profound influence on later generations. 2. Diverse content: The popular literature of the Song Dynasty was very rich in content, including stories, legends, novels, operas, and other forms that involved social life, customs, culture, interpersonal relationships, love, marriage, and many other aspects. 3. The form was flexible: The forms of the Song Dynasty's popular literature were very flexible, including rap, Fu, Ci, Qu, opera and other artistic forms. These artistic forms merged with each other to form a unique literary style of the Song Dynasty. 4. Mainly oral language: Song Dynasty folk literature is a literary work mainly based on oral language. The language is easy to understand, lively and vivid, very suitable for the taste of folk readers. Reflecting social life: The popular literature of the Song Dynasty not only reflected the style and customs of the society at that time, but also reflected the author's concern and thinking about the people's life to a certain extent. The folk literature of the Song Dynasty was an indispensable part of the history of Chinese literature. It was colorful, flexible, mainly spoken, and reflected social life.

Song Dynasty literature was one of the most important literary schools in Chinese history. 1. Pay attention to tradition: The literature of the Song Dynasty was deeply influenced by Chinese traditional culture and emphasized on respecting tradition and inheriting tradition. 2. Pay attention to realism: Song Dynasty literature attached importance to realism to reflect social reality. 3. Pay attention to thoughts: The literature of Song Dynasty paid attention to thoughts and explored the philosophy of life. 4. Paying attention to art: Song Dynasty literature paid attention to artistic creation and produced excellent literary works. 5. Diverse development: There were many literary schools in the Song Dynasty, including Wen Tong, Su Shi, Xin Qiji and other literary masters, as well as various literary fields such as prose, Ci, novels, and operas. The literature of Song Dynasty was an important chapter in the history of Chinese literature. The rich ideology, artistry and pluralism in its works left a deep mark on the literature of later generations.

The overall style of the Song Dynasty's aesthetics could be summarized as "both refined and popular", emphasizing the dual meaning of art, namely the balance between aesthetic value and practical value. In the Song Dynasty, the artistic works not only pursued the exquisiteness of skills and the beauty of form, but also paid attention to the value and meaning of the content, emphasizing the connection between art, society and life. Song Dynasty aesthetics also emphasized realism and expressionism, emphasizing the emotions and atmosphere of art through exaggeration, distortion, and contrast. At the same time, the aesthetics of the Song Dynasty also integrated different art forms from the north and south to form a unique artistic style, such as the superb skills of the Song Dynasty painting, the elegant and elegant calligraphy, the melodious music, and so on. Song Dynasty aesthetics also emphasized the application of basic aesthetic principles such as symmetrical, balanced, and axis, emphasizing the sense of wholeness and order of the picture. In addition, Song Dynasty aesthetics also paid attention to details and decoration, enhancing the beauty and value of works of art through exquisite craftsmanship and decorative elements. The overall style of the Song Dynasty aesthetics was multi-dimensional. It paid attention to the beauty of skill and form, the expression of content and meaning, the integration of reality and expressionism, the application of basic aesthetic principles such as symmetrical, balanced and axis, and also paid attention to details and decoration.

The literature of the Song Dynasty was one of the periods of cultural prosperity in Chinese history. Its literary characteristics were mainly manifested in the following aspects: There are many literary schools: the Song Dynasty literary schools include the ancient prose movement, Ci studies, poetics, novels and other different literary schools, each with its own unique style and characteristics. Among them, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and others represented the ancient prose movement, which advocated the pursuit of profound thoughts and concise words by taking literature as the surface and history as the inner; Ci paid attention to musicality and emotional expression represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji; Poetics paid attention to true feelings represented by Du Fu and Bai Juyi; Fictions focused on depicting characters and describing plots represented by Water Margins and Romance of the Three Kingdoms. 2. Literature form innovation: Song Dynasty literature also had some innovation in terms of form, such as creating a new literary form of "literary and vernacular reading", combining classical Chinese and vernacular to make literary expression more colorful; In addition, Song Dynasty's notebook novels, strange novels, etc. were also more developed and formed a unique literary form. 3. Paying attention to ideology and artistry: The literature of the Song Dynasty not only paid attention to the expression of ideas, but also paid attention to artistry, pursuing the beauty and expressiveness of words. The writers of the Song Dynasty paid attention to the use of rhetorical devices such as metaphor, exaggeration, contrast, etc. to make their works more vivid, vivid and touching. Prose achievements: Prose achievements in the Song Dynasty were outstanding, with Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Lu You and others as representatives. Their works were diverse in style, profound in thought, and beautiful in writing. They became the representative figures of ancient Chinese prose. The literature of the Song Dynasty had its own unique characteristics in terms of ideology, artistry, form and prose. These characteristics constituted the treasure house of ancient Chinese literature and left a rich cultural heritage for future generations.

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The Tang Legend was a narrative form in ancient Chinese literature. Its development stage could be roughly divided into the following stages: 1. Founding stage (from the end of the 9th century to the beginning of the 10th century): Main, Wang Zhihuan, etc. The works of this stage mainly described the historical figures and events of the Tang Dynasty, reflecting the style and cultural characteristics of the Tang Dynasty. 2. Stage of development (from the end of the 10th century to the beginning of the 11th century): mainly, Liu Yuxi, etc. The works of this stage began to focus on describing social reality and people's lives, showing the author's concern and criticism of the social and political reality of the time. 3. Maturing stage (from the end of the 11th century to the beginning of the 12th century): Main stage, Yuan Zhen stage, etc. The works of this stage were more colorful, not only describing the politics, economy, culture and other aspects of the Tang Dynasty society, but also involving modern ideas and cultural content, forming a unique literary style and language characteristics. 4. Decline stage (from the end of the 12th century to the beginning of the 13th century): mainly, Xin Qiji, etc. At this stage, the content of the works gradually decreased, and the content began to lean towards describing history and legends, showing the author's cherish and protection of traditional culture. The main characters of Tang Legend, Wang Zhihuan, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Lu You, and others. All of these together created the unique charm of the legendary literature of the Tang Dynasty.