A Madman's Diary was a modern Chinese novel that exposed the drawbacks of traditional Chinese culture and the decay of feudal ideas through the delirious words of a madman. The "Madman" in the novel was a self-conceited "cultured person" who thought that he had advanced thoughts and knowledge, could overlook all living beings, and treated the people around him with a proud attitude. However, when he began to behave differently from ordinary people, he began to realize his loneliness and poverty, and at the same time, he realized that the traditional culture he firmly believed in was wrong. Through the delirious words of the "madman", Lu Xun revealed many problems in Chinese traditional culture, such as the decadence of feudal ideas, the suppression of individual freedom, and the neglect and disrespect of human nature. In addition, the "madman" in the novel also represented the disgust and doubt of some readers towards traditional culture. They reflected and criticized traditional culture in order to seek a more free and equal social system. A Madman's Diary reveals the drawbacks of Chinese traditional culture and the decay of feudal ideology through an illusory image of a madman. At the same time, it also reflects the thinking and reflection of modern readers on traditional culture.