The story of corruption in Zi Zhi Tong Jian

Zi Zhi Tong Jian is a chronicle of ancient China compiled by Sima Guang, covering a total of 2953 years, including 13 dynasties. It mainly records the political, economic, cultural, military and other aspects of the development and changes of each dynasty in Chinese history. The following is a rough translation of Zi Zhi Tong Jian: Zi Zhi Tong Jian: Zi Zhi Tong Jian, also known as Tong Shi, was a chronicle of ancient China compiled by Sima Guang. It recorded the political, economic, cultural, and military developments of 13 dynasties in Chinese history (Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing). Zi Zhi Tong Jian contained a total of 2953 years of history. It was divided into 13 volumes, and each volume included an overview of different dynasties, historical events, biographies, nutritional value, and so on. The dynasty order of the Zizhi Tongjian was arranged according to the time sequence, starting from the Xia Dynasty and recording the history of each dynasty in turn. The political system, economic development, cultural development, military strategy, foreign policy, and other aspects of each dynasty were recorded in detail in the Zizhi Tongjian for future generations to understand and compare. Zi Zhi Tong Jian is of great value and significance to the study of ancient Chinese history, culture, politics and other aspects.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 175, was translated as follows: Volume 175: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms: Zhu Quanzhong, the first emperor of the Later Liang Dynasty, established the Later Liang regime in 923 AD and perished in 936 AD. Later Tang Taizu Li Cunxu established the Later Tang regime in 923 AD and died in 936 AD. Later Jin Taizu Shi Jingtang established the Later Jin regime in 936 AD and perished in 947 AD. Liu Zhiyuan, Taizu of the Later Han Dynasty, established the Later Han regime in 947 AD and perished in 951 AD. Later Zhou Taizu Guo Wei established the Later Zhou regime in 951 AD and perished in 960 AD. The Southern Tang Dynasty was established by the first ruler of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Wei, in 937 AD. The Southern Tang Dynasty was destroyed in 975 AD. Zhao Heng, the founder of the Northern Song Dynasty, established the Northern Song regime in 960 AD and died in 1127 AD. Zhao Gou, the founder of the Southern Song Dynasty, established the Southern Song regime in 1127 AD and died in 1279 AD. North and South split: In 1279, the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty and established the Southern Song Dynasty. The Southern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty negotiated peace in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), but the Southern Song Dynasty did not completely submit to the Jin Dynasty. The first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271 and perished in 1279. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, established the Ming regime in 1368 and died in 1644. The Qing Dynasty Taizu Huang Taiji established the Qing Dynasty regime in 1636 and died in 1644. Note: The historical information of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms above mainly comes from historical books such as the History of the Five Dynasties and the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian is a chronicle of the history of the Chinese government. Volume 195 is the content of the Tang Dynasty. The following is its translation: During the Tang Dynasty, from 841 to 907, there were the following contents: Volume 195: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 - 960) Former Shu: 907 - 935 AD Houshu: 935 - 965 AD Southern Tang Dynasty: 937 - 975 AD Northern Song Dynasty: 960 - 1127 Southern Song Dynasty: 1127 - 1279 Southern Han: 917 - 971 AD Liu Yin, the Latter Ruler of the Southern Han Dynasty: 934 - 979 AD Liu Wei, Lord of the Southern Han Dynasty: 971 - 983 AD Southern Han Gong Emperor Liu Min: 984 - 1002 Liu Min, Emperor Xuan of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1002 - 1044 Liu Gong, Emperor Jing of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1044 - 1063 Emperor He of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1063 - 1077 Liu Wei, Emperor Yi of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1077 - 1085 Liu Yilong, Emperor Jianwen of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1085 - 1087 Liu Xuan, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1087 - 1101 Liu Cong, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1101 - 1125 Liu Min, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1125 - 1135 AD Liu Wei, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1135 - 1142 Liu Min, Ming Zu of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1142 - 1160 Liu Min, Emperor Xuan of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1160 - 1172 Liu Shuo, Emperor Gong of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1172 - 1189 Emperor He of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1189 - 1192 Liu Wei, Emperor Yi of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1192 - 1202 Liu Yilong, Emperor Jianwen of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1202 - 1220 Liu Xuan, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1220 - 1222 Liu Min, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1222 - 1227 Liu Wei, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1227 - 1235 Liu Min, Ming Zu of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1235 - 1244 Liu Min, Emperor Xuan of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1244 - 1252 Liu Shuo, Emperor Gong of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1252 - 1256 Emperor He of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1256 - 1263 Liu Wei, Emperor Yi of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1263 - 1272 Liu Yilong, Emperor Jianwen of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1272 - 1280 Liu Xuan, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1280 - 1284 Liu Min, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1284 - 1287 Liu Wei, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1287 - 1293 Liu Min, Ming Zu of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1293 - 1302 Liu Min, Emperor Xuan of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1302 - 1312 Liu Shuo, Emperor Gong of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1312 - 1320 Emperor He of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1320 - 1327 Liu Wei, Emperor Yi of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1327 - 1335 Liu Yilong, Emperor Jianwen of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1335 - 1347 Liu Xuan, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1347 - 1357 Liu Min, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1357 - 1363 Liu Wei, the ancestor of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1363 - 1371 Liu Min, Ming Zu of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1371 - 1377 Liu Min, Emperor Xuan of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1377 - 1382 Liu Shuo, Emperor Gong of the Southern Han Dynasty: AD 1382 - 1390 Emperor He of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1390 - 1397 Liu Wei, Emperor Yi of the Southern Han Dynasty: 1397 - 1405

Zi Zhi Tong Jian was a chronicle of Chinese history. It was edited by Sima Guang and had 115 volumes, including 334 years of history. Its translation was as follows: Zi Zhi Tong Jian (1) [Year Title] Zi Zhi Tong Jian [Dynasty] Sima Guang [Editor] Volume 1 [Beginning and End] Volume One: Ten Kingdoms from the Second Year of Jiande to the Fifth Dynasty [Description] The first year of this chronicle: Liang Wudi Tianjian four years to Tang Gaozu Wude four years The second year of this epoch: the first year of Tang Gaozong Yongchang to the fourth year of Zhou Shizong Chai Rong Jianlong The first aristocratic family: Meng Zhixiang, the founding emperor of Shu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Aristocratic Family Number Two: Zhu Quanzhong, Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The third aristocratic family: Li Cunxu, Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The fourth aristocratic family: Shi Jingtang, the ancestor of the Later Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Aristocratic Family No. 5: Liu Zhiyuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms No. 6 Aristocratic Family: Chai Rong of the Later Zhou Dynasty of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms No. 7 Aristocratic Family: Zhao Guangyi, Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty Aristocratic Family No. 8: Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty Aristocratic Family Number Nine: Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan Chronicle 1: Liang Wudi Tianjian four years to Tang Gaozu Wude four years Chronicle 2: Tang Gaozong Yongchang first year to Zhou Shizong Chai Rong Jianlong four years Chronicle 3: Meng Zhixiang, the founding emperor of Shu in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chronicle 4: Zhu Quanzhong, Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chronicle 5: Li Cunxu, Emperor Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chronicle No. 6: Shi Jingtang, Gaozu of the Later Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chronicle No. 7: Liu Zhiyuan, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chronicle No. 8: Chai Rong, the Later Zhou Shizong of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Chronicle 9: Zhao Guangyi, Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty Chronicle 10: Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Southern Song Dynasty Chronicle 11: Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan Act first: Liang Wudi Tianjian four years to Tang Gaozu Wude four years The second act: Tang Gaozong Yongchang first year to the later Zhou Shizong Chai Rong Jianlong four years The third act: Meng Zhixiang, the founding emperor of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Act No. 4: Zhu Quanzhong, Taizu of the Later Liang Dynasty of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The fifth act: Li Cunxu, Emperor Zhuangzong of the Tang Dynasty after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The sixth act: Shi Jingtang, the Gaozu of the Later Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The seventh act: Liu Zhiyuan, the Han Gaozu after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Act number eight: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Zhou Shizong Chai Rong Act No. 9: Zhao Guangyi, Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty Act No. 10: Southern Song Gaozong Zhao Gou The eleventh act: Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan Note: Everything outside this chronicle is recorded below.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian was an ancient Chinese annalistic history book compiled by Sima Guang. It was divided into six volumes: Tong Ji, Ben Ji, Guo Shi, Geography, Ge Zhi, Bing Zhi, and Yi Wen. The 152nd volume was the fourth volume of this epoch, the History of the Five Dynasties. The History of the Five Dynasties was a historical book describing the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. It mainly recorded the changes, wars, political changes, and the lives of the people in the Five Dynasties. In this book, Sima Guang described the social situation and historical events of the Five Dynasties in detail, and analyzed and evaluated some historical events. The content of the 152nd volume of Zi Zhi Tong Jian mainly included the following contents: - The Establishment and Evolution of the History of the Five Dynasties - Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Zhou Dynasties and Historical Event - The social and economic changes of the Five Dynasties - Wars and ethnic conflicts in the Five Dynasties - The Political System and Official Selection in the Five Dynasties - The culture, literature and art of the Five Dynasties Zi Zhi Tong Jian is an important material in ancient Chinese history. It has important reference value for studying history, culture and social changes.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian was the most important chronicle in ancient China. It was edited by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. It systematically recorded all the events in Chinese history from 403 B.C. to 959 A.D., covering the politics, economy, culture and other aspects of the entire dynasty. It was known as the encyclopedia of ancient Chinese history. The scale and content of Zi Zhi Tong Jian was extremely grand, including 394 dynasties and 1599 emperors, which lasted for 2997 years. It was the longest and most extensive history book in China. It not only had a profound impact on the political, economic and cultural development of ancient China, but also provided an extremely important foundation for later academic research and historical inheritance. Sima Guang used various historical research methods and theories to analyze and evaluate historical events and figures in detail, leaving a rich historical and cultural heritage. Therefore, Zizhi Tongjian was not only an important witness of ancient Chinese history, but also an important part of Chinese culture.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian was a chronicle of Chinese history. It was a long history book that lasted for 2953 years and was compiled by Sima Guang, a famous minister of the Northern Song Dynasty. The Twenty-Four Histories was a set of official history compiled by the officials of China's feudal society. It included all the important events and figures in the entire history of China from the Xia Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, a total of about 2500 years of history. Zi Zhi Tong Jian and the Twenty-Four Histories were both important documents of Chinese history, but they did not belong to the same category because of the differences in compilation organization and content. Zi Zhi Tong Jian was a chronicle that recorded the political, economic, cultural, and social development and evolution of each dynasty in Chinese history. The Twenty-Four Histories was a comprehensive and systematic record of important events and figures in the political, economic, cultural, and social aspects of each dynasty in Chinese history. Therefore, Zi Zhi Tong Jian did not belong to the Twenty-Four Histories, but was an important historical document that recorded the important events and figures of various dynasties in Chinese history. It had important value and role in the study and education of Chinese history.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian was a chronicle of Chinese history, compiled by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty. The book systematically recorded the important political, military, and cultural events of China from 403 B.C. to 959 A.D. It was one of the most important general historical works in ancient Chinese history. The contents of Zi Zhi Tong Jian included the following aspects: 1. History of Xia, Shang and Zhou; 2.History of Qin and Han Dynasties; 3. The history of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; 4. The history of the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty; 5. The history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms; 6. History of the Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, and Ming Dynasty; 7 History of the Qing Dynasty. Zi Zhi Tong Jian has a total of 2953 stories, divided into 219 volumes, each volume includes a large number of historical events and the introduction of characters, the content is very rich. Because the content of the book involved politics, military, culture and many other aspects, Zi Zhi Tong Jian was regarded as one of the most important general historical works in ancient Chinese history.

There were many historical books published by Zhonghua Bookstore, some of which were more famous, including: Zi Zhi Tong Jian: A comprehensive general history of Chinese history edited by Sima Guang. It is one of the literary and white copies published by Zhonghua Bookstore. 2 Records of the Historian: The ancient Chinese history book written by Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty is divided into two volumes. It is one of the most famous historical novels in ancient China. 3. Han Shu: The ancient Chinese history book written by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty was divided into two volumes. It was the first general history of ancient China. 4. Records of the Three Kingdoms: A historical novel written by Chen Shou during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is divided into two volumes. 5. Records of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: A historical novel written by Sun Kangzi during the Spring and Autumn Period. 6. History of the Song Dynasty: The ancient Chinese history book written by Ouyang Xiu, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, is divided into two volumes. History of the Ming Dynasty: The history book of ancient China written by Zheng He, a historian of the Ming Dynasty, is divided into two volumes. 8 Qing History Manuscript: The ancient Chinese history book written by the Qing Dynasty historian Ji Yun is divided into two volumes. In addition to these classic history books, Zhonghua Bookstore also published many other important historical works such as General History of China, Political Gains and Losses of Chinese Dynasties, History of Chinese Literature, and so on.

Zi Zhi Tong Jian was the first general chronicle in ancient Chinese history. Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, was responsible for compiling the history of China from 403 B.C. to 959 A.D. " Records of the Historian " was the first historical biography in Chinese history written by Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty. It was divided into ten parts: the ancient times, the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Three Kingdoms, the Two Jin Dynasties, the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty. It was an important historical work. Because the content of Zi Zhi Tong Jian and Shi Ji covered different historical periods and different political, cultural, social and other aspects, readers could choose which book to read according to their own interests and reading needs. If you like to understand ancient Chinese history, you can choose to read Zi Zhi Tong Jian. If you are interested in modern Chinese history, you can choose to read Shi Ji. However, it should be noted that because Zi Zhi Tong Jian is a general history with rich content, it may be time-consuming to read. It is recommended that readers have sufficient time to read it.