How high were the achievements of the Song and Ming dynasties?

The Song and Ming Dynasties were a branch of ancient Chinese philosophy. Its main representatives included: 1 Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty (1130 - 1200): He was one of the founders of Confucianism and proposed the idea of "understanding things to obtain knowledge". 2. Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty (1472 - 1529): He proposed the idea of "the unity of knowledge and action" and believed that knowledge and action could be unified. The thoughts of these representatives had an important influence on ancient Chinese philosophy and modern philosophy.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the prosperous period of Chinese literature, during which a batch of excellent novels emerged. In terms of novels, the achievements of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1. The number of novels created was huge. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many novels, among which the classic masterpieces such as Dream of the Red Chamber, Journey to the West, and Water Margins were the representatives. These works not only achieved great achievements in literature, but also had extraordinary artistic expression. 2. The novel has many styles. There were many styles of novels in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as traditional hero novels such as Water Margins, romantic novels such as Dream of the Red Chamber, and ghost novels such as Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. These works reflected different cultural values and aesthetic tastes, which provided rich reference and enlightenment for later novels. 3. The development of novel theory. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the novel theory gradually developed into a complete novel theory system, such as "the novel originated from the folk","new stories" and so on. These theories had a profound impact on the creation of novels in later generations. 4. The novel's rating has increased. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, not only were there a large number of novels, but they also achieved high artistic achievements, which were recognized and praised by the society at that time and later readers. These works were evaluated as " beautiful writing, complete plots, and profound characters ", which had a positive impact on the creation of later novels. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the prosperous period of Chinese novel creation, and they had made great achievements in the field of novels. These works not only reflected the social reality at that time, but also had a profound impact on later literature and art.

The Tang and Song Dynasties was an important period in the history of Chinese literature. The literary works of this period were rich and colorful, and many achievements were made. The following are some of the achievements of Chinese literature during the Tang and Song Dynasties: 1. Achievement in poetry: The creation of poetry in the Tang and Song Dynasties was very prosperous, and many famous poets and poems emerged. For example, Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Xin Qiji, and Lu You of the Song Dynasty. The works of these poets have different styles, but they all show strong personalities and emotions. They are important chapters in the history of Chinese literature. 2. Prose achievements: The prose creation of the Tang and Song Dynasties was also very outstanding, representing the peak of ancient Chinese prose. For example, Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, and Liu Yuxi of the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, and Su Zhe of the Song Dynasty. The works of these essayists were full of philosophical thinking, political commentary, historical research and literary criticism. They were important milestone in the history of Chinese literature. 3. Achievement in Ci works: The Ci works of the Tang and Song Dynasties are also classics in the history of Chinese literature. For example, Li Bai, Du Fu, and Bai Juyi of the Tang Dynasty, Su Shi, Xin Qiji, and Lu You of the Song Dynasty. The works of these poets were mainly lyrical, showing strong emotions and personalities, and were known as music in the history of Chinese literature. 4. Literature schools: The literary schools of the Tang and Song Dynasties were also very diverse, such as the Tang poetry school of the Tang Dynasty, the Song Ci school of the Song Dynasty, the ancient prose movement of the Tang Dynasty, and the eight great schools of the Song Dynasty. These literary schools had their own characteristics, but they all had a profound impact on the development of Chinese literature. Chinese literature in the Tang and Song Dynasties made many achievements, which not only represented the peak of ancient Chinese literature, but also had a profound impact on later literature.

The Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties were an important period for the development of science and technology in China. Some important scientific works appeared. The following are some representative works: Dream Creek Pen Talks: Written by Shen Kuo, a poet and scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty, is a comprehensive scientific work covering mechanics, astronomy, geography, biology and many other fields. 2. History of the Song Dynasty, Records of Art and Culture: Zhao Shuli, a historian of the Song Dynasty, recorded the literature, art, science and other knowledge of the Song Dynasty, including some scientific works. 3. Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Tang Dynasty poet Li Bai wrote a book that recorded ancient Chinese myths and legends and geographical knowledge, including some astronomy and geological knowledge. 4. Elements of Geometries: The foundation work of Western mathematics written by the ancient Greek mathematician, Ethereal, contains a large amount of geometry and mathematical knowledge. 5. The Golden Mirror of Medicine: A comprehensive medical work written by a Ming Dynasty doctor, Wu Jutong, covers internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and many other fields. It includes some biological and anatomical knowledge. 6 " Tian Gong Kai Wu ": Written by Song Yingxing, a scientist of the Ming Dynasty, it was an introduction to Chinese agriculture and craftsmanship techniques, including some knowledge of biology and geography. These are some of the representative scientific works of the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties. They have had a profound impact on the development of science and technology in later generations.

The literati of the Song and Ming Dynasties had unique styles and characteristics in literature, art, culture, and so on. It was called the "Elegant Sense" period. In terms of literature, the literary creation of the Song Dynasty was represented by the graceful and unrestrained school. The style was beautiful and the emotions were delicate. Many literary works were still praised and appreciated by people today. The literary creation of the Ming Dynasty was mainly composed of essays, novels, essays, etc., which paid more attention to expressing personal feelings and thoughts. The form was concise, and the language was fresh and widely praised. In terms of art, the literati in the Song and Ming Dynasties paid attention to the expression and performance of art forms such as painting, music, calligraphy, etc., forming a unique artistic style and technique. For example, the painters of the Song Dynasty used landscape paintings, flowers, birds, fish, and insects as subjects to show deep feelings and delicate strokes; the musicians of the Ming Dynasty paid attention to the innovation and development of musical forms, such as the works of masters such as Bach and Handel. In addition, the literati of the Song and Ming Dynasties also made great contributions to culture. They paid attention to the inheritance and development of culture and actively spread knowledge and ideas to promote the prosperity and progress of culture. At the same time, the literati in the Song and Ming Dynasties also paid attention to personal cultivation and self-improvement, forming a unique literati style and personality charm. This was also one of the important reasons why they were called the "Elegant Sense" period.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were an important period in ancient China, and it was also a period of great achievements in science and technology. During this period, China's scientific and technological level had been greatly developed, and many important scientific and technological achievements had appeared. In agriculture, the Ming and Qing Dynasties had a great development in agricultural technology, and many new agricultural technologies such as irrigation technology, harvesting technology, planting technology, etc. The development of these technologies provided important support for agricultural production. In terms of industry, the development of science and technology during the Ming and Qing Dynasties was also very significant. During this period, many important industrial technologies appeared in China, such as manufacturing machines, production tools, textile technology, etc. The development of these technologies provided an important foundation for industrial production. In terms of transportation, the transportation technology of the Ming and Qing Dynasties had also been greatly developed. During this period, many important transportation routes such as the Grand Canal and the Silk Road appeared in China. The development of these transportation technologies provided an important guarantee for transportation logistics. In terms of culture, the technological achievements of the Ming and Qing Dynasties were also very eye-catching. During this period, many important scientific and technological works appeared in China, such as Compendium of Materia Medica and Nong Zheng Quan Shu. These works recorded the technology of Chinese agriculture, medicine, and craftsmanship at that time, providing important reference for later generations. To sum up, the Ming and Qing Dynasties was an important period in ancient China, and it was also a period of great achievements in science and technology. During this period, China's scientific and technological level had been greatly developed, and many important scientific and technological achievements had appeared, providing an important foundation for future research and application.

The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties referred to the historical changes between the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties in Chinese history. The Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was the general name of the three dynasties of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Later Shu, the Southern Tang, and the Northern Song. The Song Dynasty's politics, economy, and culture had all developed greatly. It was known as the era of "economic prosperity, cultural prosperity, and martial arts strength." The Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was established by the Mongol Empire in the late 13th century. The territory of the Yuan Dynasty was unprecedentedly vast, including present-day China, many countries in Asia, and a part of Europe. The ruler of the Yuan Dynasty was Kublai Khan. He implemented a series of important reforms, such as the implementation of the "central power" system, the development of territory, the development of energy, etc., which made the politics, economy, and culture of the Yuan Dynasty develop greatly. The Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was the dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty and also the "Renaissance" period in Chinese history. The political system of the Ming Dynasty was relatively perfect. The economy was prosperous, the culture was prosperous, and the foreign policy was flexible. Science and technology developed rapidly. The leaders of the Ming Dynasty were Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhu Di, Wanli, etc. The Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) was a dynasty in Chinese history. It was the dynasty after the Ming Dynasty. The political system of the Qing Dynasty was relatively perfect. The economic center of gravity moved southward. The culture was prosperous. The martial arts were strong. The foreign policy was tough. The development of science and technology was slow. The leaders of the Qing Dynasty were Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, etc. In Chinese history, the change between the Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty was an important historical event. It marked the end of China's feudal society and China entered a capitalist society. The change between the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty marked the decline of China's feudal society and the beginning of the modern process.

The Ming and Qing Dynasties 'novels are a branch of Chinese literature history, famous for their large number, complex forms and diverse content. In this period, the literary achievements of the chapter novels were very significant, mainly in the following aspects: 1. Language art: The language of the novels has its unique characteristics. It often uses a large number of rhetorical devices such as exaggeration, metaphor, contrast, etc. to make the language vivid and infectious. 2. Plot design: The plot design of the chapter novel is rich and varied, full of suspense and contradictions. It often uses the relationship between characters, historical events, social reality and so on as the material to present a complete story through ingenious conception and delicate description. 3. Character images: The characters in Zhang Hui's novels are vivid and distinctive, with different personalities and full of charm. The author made the characters more convincing through careful shaping and description. 4. Thematic expression: There are many kinds of topics in Zhang Hui's novels, but they all have profound social significance. The author expressed his thoughts and exploration on history, reality, human nature and other aspects through the form of novels, reflecting the thoughts and cultural style of the society at that time. The Ming and Qing dynasty's novels have made great achievements in language, plot, character image and theme expression. They have become the classics in the history of Chinese literature and have a profound influence on the literature of later generations.

The twenty-four dynasties did not mention the four dynasties of Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing.

After the Song and Ming Dynasties, the expression of literature's popularization referred to the development of literature. With the development of social economy and the democratic politics, literary works gradually spread from the noble class to the ordinary civilian class, and paid more attention to describing the lives and feelings of the common people. At the same time, some literary works that reflected the social reality appeared. This kind of commoners 'performance was deeply reflected in literary works, such as: 1. Description of civilian life: After the Song and Ming Dynasties, there were often real descriptions of civilian life in literary works, such as describing the daily life of the common people, economic activities, family situation, social relations, etc., so that readers could have a deeper understanding of civilian life. 2. The expression of the common people's thoughts: There are also many works that reflect the thoughts and emotions of the common people, such as expressing the pursuit and belief of the common people's values such as family, love, friendship, and justice. 3. Description of the fate of the common people: In literary works, the fate of the common people became more colorful. The author began to pay attention to the life and death of the common people, their fate, and their experiences. The description of their joys and sorrows allowed the readers to have a deeper understanding of the lives of the common people. 4. The rise of civilian culture: After the Song Dynasty, civilian culture began to rise. There were also many works that reflected civilian culture, such as poems, essays, novels, etc. These works reflected the cultural needs and spiritual pursuit of the civilian. After the Song and Ming Dynasties, the manifestation of the popularization of literature was an important trend in the development of literature, and it was also an important achievement in the development of social economy and political democratization. It made an important contribution to the development and progress of Chinese literature.