Material 1: Chinese traditional culture belonged to the agricultural civilization. Looking around the world, among all the agricultural civilizations, only Chinese culture was the most detailed and refined.

The traditional Chinese culture belonged to the agricultural civilization. Looking around the world, among all the agricultural civilizations, only the Chinese culture was the most developed, the most exquisite, and the most interesting. There was no agricultural civilization in the world that could compete with it. (1) According to the first material and the knowledge learned, summarize the basic characteristics of the ancient Chinese agricultural economy. (3 points) Material 2: Due to the major changes in production technology and social organization, the relationship between man and nature, man and man, and the related cultural value system have undergone fundamental changes, which is the transformation of civilization. For example, 10,000 years ago, under the pressure of population and resources, human beings transformed from fishing, hunting and gathering civilization to nomadic and agricultural civilization. The symbolic technological breakthrough was the emergence of bronze and iron. More than 2,000 years ago, after more than 500 years of chaos in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China completed its first civilization transformation. The traditional Chinese civilization of "iron farming tools + small-scale peasant economy + monarchical bureaucracy + Confucianism and Taoism ideology" finally took shape. A few hundred years ago, the development of European agricultural civilization also faced a fierce contradiction between population and resources. Later, a new transformation occurred in Western civilization. The Renaissance began, and the steam engine was invented. This led to the industrial revolution, which launched a greater conquest of nature by mankind. The industrial civilization had excavated hundreds of mineral resources deep underground and turned them into wealth that could be used by humans, supporting a new round of population expansion. After hundreds of years of internal and external wars, a liberal democratic regime centered on free enterprise was gradually established. (2) According to the materials, what kind of evolution process did humans experience from a low-level civilization to a high-level civilization? What were the two main factors that affected the transformation of civilization? (3 points)(3) According to the materials, what are the obvious characteristics of the formation of industrial civilization? In order to obtain resources and markets, the leading countries of industrial civilization opened the doors of all ethnic groups and countries on Earth with guns, forcing all backward ethnic groups to walk the road of industrialization. In modern times, in order to achieve national equality and national development, China entered a period of transition from an agricultural civilization to an industrial civilization. A hundred years of turmoil, internal and external troubles, and rivers of blood. At present, all of mankind was facing a new civilization transformation. Without a revolutionary breakthrough in new technologies and a new global resource allocation system, the contradiction between man and nature and between man and man would rapidly intensify, and mankind might not be able to cross the threshold of this civilization transformation. (4) In the 19th century, the major capitalist countries completed two industrial revolutions in succession. Combined with the knowledge they learned, they summarized the main impacts on China. (6 points)