What were the three stages of literary development?

The development of ancient Chinese novels could be divided into three stages: 1. Pre-Qin novels: appeared in the 11th century to the 6th century B.C., mainly describing war, aristocratic politics, and exploration in the context of history books such as the Spring and Autumn Annals and Zuo Zhuan. 2. Qin and Han novels: From the 6th century B.C. to the 2nd century A.D., they mainly describe historical events, political struggles, wars, etc. with historical works such as Records of the Historian and Han Shu as the background. 3. Tang and Song novels: From the 2nd century to the 9th century, they mainly describe social reality such as chivalry, love, marriage, and business in the context of literary works such as Water Margins, Journey to the West, and Dream of the Red Chamber. The characteristics of these three stages were as follows: The characteristics of the pre-Qin novels were that the content was relatively simple, with historical events and legends as the main way of description. The oral tradition was mainly based on biographies and events. 2. The Qin and Han novels were rich in content and began to form certain literary forms, such as the biographies in the Records of the Historian and the novels in the Book of Han. At the same time, a number of works about war, aristocratic politics, and exploration appeared. 3. The Tang and Song novels were the most mature literary forms, with the emergence of prose-based novels, creating a precedent for novel creation with the theme of describing real life. At the same time, the depth of thought and artistic value of literary works had also been greatly improved.

The development stages of the comparison literature can be divided into three periods from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century: 1 Early Comparatively Literature (Late 19th century to early 20th century) The main goal of this period was to explore the differences and similarities between different cultures. The famous pioneer of comparison literature was France. They revealed the complexity and variety of human society by comparing the society, history, art, and lifestyle of different cultures. 2. Mid-20th Century to Early 21st Century In this period, the comparison literature paid more attention to the commonality and connection between cultures. For example, human feelings, desires, and values. At the same time, there were also some important theories such as cultural comparison theory and cultural multiculturalism. 3 Late period of literature (early 21st century to present) The later stage of the literature emphasized on cross-cultural communication and integration, emphasizing mutual understanding and respect between different cultures. The representatives of this period were Chandelier and Camus of France.

The three stages of the development of reportage in the new era can be summarized as: The first stage was from the 1950s to the early 1970s. This stage of reportage mainly focused on social reality and social problems, reflecting the political, economic, cultural and other aspects of the situation at that time. His representative works include the Yellow River Trilogy, the Night of the City of Ha 'erbin, and the People's War. The second stage was from the 1980s to the mid-1990s, when reportage paid more attention to the study and description of historical events and historical figures, emphasizing the historical and cultural value of literature. His representative works include Teahouse, One Hundred Years of Solitude, War and Peace, and so on. The third stage was the second half of the 21st century. During this stage, reportage began to focus on the fate of individuals, emphasizing the humane care and exploration of human nature in literature. His representative works included Alive, Xu Sanguan Selling Blood, Brothers, and so on. These works have different styles and characteristics, but they all reflect the development track and characteristics of the new era reportage.

The development of modern and contemporary Chinese literary societies and schools can be roughly divided into the following stages: 1. Modern literature stage (the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century): This period was the starting point of the development of modern and contemporary Chinese literary societies. During this period, literary societies began to emerge, such as the Short Story Magazine and other literary journals. A group of literary critics, such as Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Lao She, etc., appeared. 2. Modern literature stage (1920s to 1940s): During this period, the development of literary societies and schools entered a new stage. During this period, many new literary schools appeared, such as the New Moon School, the Modern School, and the New Modern School. These literary schools explored the literary theme and techniques of realism and realism in different forms and styles. 3. The period of contemporary literature (1950s to 1970s): The development of literary societies and schools in this period entered a period of climax. During this period, many famous literary schools appeared, such as Ba Jin, Lao She, Ding Ling, Zhang Ailing, etc. These reflected the changes and progress of Chinese society and people's lives during this period. 4. Modern literature stage (1980s to 1990s): During this period, the literary society and genre entered a new stage of development, and many new literary schools appeared, such as new realism, new culturalism, post-modern school, etc. These literary schools paid attention to social reality, paid attention to the form and technique of literature, and explored the literary theme and style of new culturalism and post-modern school. 5. Stage of contemporary literary criticism (from the 1990s to the present): During this period, the literary societies and schools of thought entered a new stage of development. The literary societies and literary critics began to pay more attention to the pluralistic and complex nature of literature, paying attention to the relationship between literature and society, culture, and history. At the same time, the literary criticism of this period also paid more attention to the quality and value of literature, which promoted the development and progress of literature.

The development of modern Chinese literature could be divided into three stages: The period of the New Culture Movement (1915-1923): This was an important period in the history of modern Chinese literature and the beginning of the New Culture Movement. The cultural movement of this period advocated anti-feudalism, anti-imperialism, anti-traditional ideas to promote the reform and transformation of modern Chinese literature. The representative ones were Lao She, Mao Dun, etc. The May Fourth Movement (1919-1924): The May Fourth Movement was an important event in modern Chinese history and a continuation of the New Culture Movement. The literature of this period showed strong patriotic feelings and national pride, such as Qian Zhongshu and Lao She. 30's literature (1924-1949): This was another important period in the history of modern Chinese literature and also the low point of modern Chinese literature. The literature of this period showed strong social criticism and national hatred, such as Ba Jin and Ding Ling.

China experienced many stages of social development in ancient times, the most significant of which were the following stages: 1 Xia Dynasty (21st century B.C. -16th century B.C.) 2. Shang Dynasty (16th century B.C. -11th century B.C.) 3. Western Zhou (c. 11th century B.C. -771 B.C.) 4. Eastern Zhou (770 B.C. -256 A.D.) Spring and Autumn Period (770 - 476) 6. Warring States Period (475 - 221) 7 Qin Dynasty (221 - 206) 8 Western Han Dynasty (206 - 8 AD) 9 Eastern Han (25 - 220 AD) 10 Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD) 11 Western Jin Dynasty (265 - 316 AD) 12 Eastern Jin Dynasty (317 - 420) Northern and Southern Dynasties (420 - 589) 14 Sui Dynasty (581 - 618) 15 Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907 - 960) Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) 18 Yuan Dynasty (1271 - 1368) 19 Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) 20 Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) These stages were in the order of time. Between each stage, there were different political, economic, and cultural developments.

Han Fu was an important literary style in ancient Chinese literature and an important part of Han Dynasty literature. The history of the development of Han Fu can be divided into four stages, each stage has its own unique characteristics and representative works. 1 First stage (200 to 180 years before): The first stage of Han Fu was from 200 to 180 years ago. The representative works of this period included Zhang Heng's "Ode to Tokyo" and Cao Zhi's "Ode to the Luo God". These works displayed the fresh and natural, lyrical and freehand style of the early Han Fu, which also marked the beginning of the Han Fu's development towards formalization and specialization. 2nd Stage (180 - 220 AD): The second stage of Han Fu was from 180 to 220 A.D. The representative works of this period were Sima Qian's Records of the Historian and Ban Gu's Han Shu. These works used history as the theme to express the objective description of historical facts and profound thoughts, which marked the beginning of the development of Han Fu in the direction of history and objectification. 3rd Stage (220 - 280 AD): The third stage of Han Fu was from 220 AD to 280 AD. The representative works of this period included Du Mu's "Ode to the Red Cliff" and Su Shi's "Water Melody". These works showed the bold and unconstrained style of the late Han Fu, which marked the beginning of the development of Han Fu in the direction of specialization and formalization. 4th Stage (280 - 360 AD): The fourth stage of Han Fu was from 280 AD to 360 AD. The representative works of this period included Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription" and Wang Bo's "Preface to Tengwang Pavilion". These works showed the abstruse style of the late Han Fu, which marked the beginning of the development of Han Fu in the direction of abstract and symbolic.

The three stages of the development of European novels referred to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution. The representative works of these three stages were: 1. Renaissance (from the end of the 14th century to the beginning of the 17th century): His masterpieces include Laocoon, Legend of the Giant, Carmen, and the Collection of shakespeare's plays. 2. Enlightenment period (early 17th century to the end of the 18th century): his masterpieces include Frederick, Reason and Freedom, Virgil, and Russell's Dramas. 3. The industrial revolution period (from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century): his masterpieces include Jane Eyre, The Adventures of Tom Sauer, Crusoe, and Dickens. These works had a profound impact on European literature and became important landmarks in the history of European literature.

The stages of the development of ancient Chinese poetry were as follows: 1. Pre-Qin period (11th century B.C. -21st century B.C.): The Pre-Qin period was the foundation of the development of ancient Chinese poetry. The representative works of this period include the Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu. The Book of Songs was the earliest collection of poems in China. It collected 305 poems from the Pre-Qin period, mainly reflecting the social style and people's lives in the Pre-Qin period. "Chu Ci" was a poem written by Qu Yuan, a poet of the State of Chu during the Warring States Period. It represented the characteristics of the southern culture and had a strong romantic color. 2. Qin and Han Dynasties (21st century B.C. -220 A.D.): The Qin and Han Dynasties were the peak period of the development of ancient Chinese poetry. The representative works of this period included "Nineteen Ancient Poems" and "Glory of the King". "Nineteen Ancient Poems" was a collection of poems created by the Han Dynasty poet Zhang Ji. It was known for its fresh, natural, lyrical, and graceful style and was hailed as a "classic work in the history of poetry." King of Glory was a competitive game developed by Tengxun Games, which included a large number of elements from ancient Chinese poetry such as Song of Everlasting Sorrow and Li Sao. 3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (220 - 589): The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were the low point of the development of ancient Chinese poetry. The representative works of this period were "Dream of the Red Chamber" and "Water Margins". 'Dream of the Red Chamber' was a Qing Dynasty story depicting the love story of Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu, and others, showing the customs of ancient society. The Water Margins was a Ming Dynasty story about Song Jiang, Lin Chong, and the other people's righteous acts, reflecting the class struggle in ancient society. 4. Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing (589 - 1911): The Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing periods were the perfect periods for the development of ancient Chinese poetry. The representative works of this period included Journey to the West, Water Margins, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, etc. Journey to the West was a fantasy story of Tang Sanzang and his disciples in the Ming Dynasty. Water Margins was a Yuan Dynasty story about Song Jiang, Lin Chong, and the other people's uprising, which reflected the class struggle in ancient society. Romance of the Three Kingdoms was a Yuan Dynasty story that used the history of the Three Kingdoms period as the background to show the political struggles and characters of the Three Kingdoms period.

The development of Tang Chuan Qi could be divided into the following stages: Early Tang Dynasty (618-907): This period was the early period of the Tang Dynasty and the embryonic period of the legendary story. Initially, these stories were often about the political, military, and economic life of the Tang Dynasty. There were many descriptions in books such as the Seven Books of the Martial Classics and the Records of Taiping. 2. Mid-Tang Dynasty (907-960): This period was the climax of the development of Tang legends. The legendary works of the Mid-Tang Dynasty mainly described the struggles of the palace, the conspiracy of power, and the life of nobles, such as Secretary Du and the Biography of Li Dongxian. 3. Late Tang Dynasty (960-999): This period was the decline of the legendary Tang Dynasty. The legendary works of the late Tang Dynasty mainly described folk life, mountain myths and legends, and chivalrous stories, such as the Legend of Liu Yi and the Water Margins. 4. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907-979): This period was the revival of the legendary Tang Dynasty. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, many legendary works were created during this period, such as Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio and Luo Fu Zhi. 5. Song Dynasty (960-1279): This period was the mature and prosperous period of Tang legend. The legendary works of the Song Dynasty mainly described social life and interpersonal relationships. There were many legendary stories in books such as Song History and Dream Stream Pen Talk. 6 Ming Dynasty (1368-1644): This period was the decline of the legendary Tang Dynasty. The legendary works of the Ming Dynasty mainly described official struggles and military wars, such as Dream of the Red Chamber and Journey to the West. 7 Qing Dynasty (1644-1911): This period was the revival and peak period of Tang legend. The legendary works of the Qing Dynasty mainly described social life and folklore, such as the Legend of the White Snake and Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai.