A Madman's Diary was a Russian novel that mainly narrated a series of absurd and profound experiences of a Chinese intellectual who was misunderstood during the Russian Revolution. The novel mainly used the protagonist's inner monologue and psychological description as the main technique. Through the description of the protagonist himself and the fate of the people around him, it reflected the complexity and contradiction of Chinese society, people and revolutionary movements at that time, revealing the dark side of human nature and the decadent nature of feudal society. Therefore, it could be said that the theme of A Madman's Diary involved the social, political, and cultural aspects of the time, and also reflected the author's thinking and understanding of human nature.